For a basic account of the main institutions of Roman law, B. Nicholas, An Introduction to Roman Law (1962) is clear, elegant, and valuable. Much more recent and on a similar scale is Borkowski’s Textbook on Roman Law (6th ed. by P. du Plessis, 2020) For detailed information, one of the larger textbooks will be necessary. The leading modern account is that of M. Kaser, Das römische Privatrecht (2nd ed., 2 vols, 1971–1975). In English, the leading textbook is by W. W. Buckland, A Textbook on Roman Law (1963), a shade dry but exceptionally reliable and accurate; an alternative is J. A. C. Thomas, Textbook on Roman Law (1976). H. F. Jolowicz and B. Nicholas, Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law (1972) approaches the subject historically, and for a historian is probably a good place to start. F. Schulz, Classical Roman Law (1951) is a work by a great scholar that is sometimes idiosyncratic, often provocative, but always interesting. The leading account of Roman law in its social context remains J. A. Crook, Law and Life of Rome (1967).

This chapter begins with ownership and how it was protected. It then focuses on how land was exploited and on legal remedies against the unwelcome activities of neighbours.

In this chapter, we study risks associated with movements of interest rates in financial markets. We begin with a brief discussion of the term structure of interest rates. We then discuss commonly used interest rate sensitive securities. This is followed by the study of different measures of sensitivity to interest rates, including duration and convexity. We consider mitigating interest rate risk through hedging and immunization. Finally, we take a more in-depth look at the drivers of interest rate term structure dynamics.

This vignette describes the Therac-25 radiation therapy machine, whose software bugs and lack of hardware safety interlocks led to six serious accidents between 1982 and 1987. Three lives were claimed due to overconfidence in software and loose design regulations. Ultimately, these events were a catalyst for the FDA to begin investigating and regulating medical software.

This vignette discusses the failed launch of the online marketplace for purchasing individual healthcare insurance that was created as part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in fall 2013. A key component of this effort was the website www.HealthCare.gov, through which individuals would be able to buy health insurance.

In this chapter, we present the frequency-severity model, which is implicit in common risk calculations used in practice. In this model, the total loss from a risk, or set of risks, is treated as a random sum of random, identically distributed individual losses. If the frequency and severity random variables are independent, then the mean and variance of the aggregate loss can easily be calculated from the moments of the frequency and severity distributions. However, numerical methods are usually required for other metrics, such as quantiles or expected shortfall. We show how to implement these methods and discuss the limitations of this type of model, arising from the independence assumptions.

In this chapter, we consider qualitative and quantitative aspects of risk related to the development, implementation, and uses of quantitative models in enterprise risk management (ERM). First, we discuss the different ways that model risk arises, including defective models, inappropriate applications, and inadequate or inappropriate interpretation of the results. We consider the lifecycle of a model – from development, through regular updating and revision, to the decommissioning stage. We review quantitative approaches to measuring model and parameter uncertainty, based on a Bayesian framework. Finally, we discuss some aspects of model governance, and some potential methods for mitigating model risk.

This chapter discusses the processes of identifying the needs of our users, which is the first step in the software life cycle. We begin with an overview of the structure of creating new projects. Next, we apply the “Brown Cow” model (Section 11.1) as a guide for how to go about understanding the user’s current situation and future needs.