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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 March 2016
Congress established the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (1865); it was unprecedented.
Its national commissioner, state commissioners, and local officials would manage the South's transition from slavery to freedom. They were to create a system of free labor, courts, and schools; uphold racial peace; and protect missionary teachers, who included blacks. Agents mediated landlord–tenant disputes, many over sharecropper contracts, and used military patrols to safeguard freedpeople from ex-Confederate violence. Blacks embraced northern missionaries and the Republican-run Union Leagues, becoming voters and officeholders. Confederate diehards waged war against the Bureau. It closed in 1869 but continued its school program until 1872.
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