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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 March 2016
After the Supreme Court outlawed segregation on interstate buses in Morgan v. Virginia (1946), the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized a bus ride from Washington, DC into the Upper South to test compliance. The riders consisted of sixteen men (eight white and eight black), including co-organizer Bayard Rustin. Twelve were pacifists. All occupied front seats and rode in biracial pairs. Churches, colleges, and NAACP chapters held rallies along the route.
CORE challenged southern Jim Crow. Clearly, states and localities did not comply with the Morgan decision. Riders incurred twelve arrests for violating separate seat laws. Four were arrested in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, where one suffered a serious beating and two received death threats. A local white minister arranged their bail and safe passage to Greensboro. A court later convicted them and they served a month on the state chain gang. CORE's journey prefigured the Freedom Rides of 1961.
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