Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T08:57:53.663Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part I - The Concept of Open Strategy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2019

David Seidl
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Georg von Krogh
Affiliation:
Swiss Federal University (ETH), Zürich
Richard Whittington
Affiliation:
Saïd Business School, University of Oxford
Get access

Summary

Recent years have seen increasing initiatives involving more open strategizing. These initiatives, referred to as Open Strategy, imply greater transparency and/or inclusiveness in strategy processes (Hautz et al., 2017; Whittington et al., 2011). As such, Open Strategy forms part of a larger societal trend toward greater degrees of openness in all domains of life – such as Open Innovation (Chesbrough, 2003), Open Source Software (von Hippel & von Krogh, 2003), Open Government (Janssen et al., 2012), Open Data (Huijboom & van den Broek, 2011), and Open Science (David, 1998). By comparison with some of these domains, research on Open Strategy is still nascent. While substantial theoretical groundwork has been laid, and both qualitative and quantitative studies are now appearing, there remain significant opportunities for more research on what is a fast-developing and wide-ranging set of initiatives. Given this breadth, we identify the key dimensions, practices, and impacts of Open Strategy, and propose promising theoretical perspectives capable of building cumulative knowledge regarding these. We also guide researchers by offering a practical definition that sets boundaries on the phenomenon.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Abbott, A. (1988). The system of professions: An essay on the division of expert labor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ambarish, R., John, K., & Williams, J. (1987). Efficient signaling with dividends and investments. The Journal of Finance, 42, 321343.Google Scholar
Amrollahi, A., & Rowlands, B. (2017). Collaborative open strategic planning: A method and case study. Information Technology & People, 30(4), 832852.Google Scholar
Appleyard, M. M., & Chesbrough, H. W. (2017). The dynamics of open strategy: From adoption to reversion. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 310321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armbrüster, T., & Gebert, D. (2002). Uncharted territories of organizational research: The case of Karl Popper’s open society and its enemies. Organization Studies, 23(2), 169188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aten, K., & Thomas, G. F. (2016). Crowdsourcing strategizing: Communication technology affordances and the communicative constitution of organizational strategy. International Journal of Business Communication, 53(2), 148180.Google Scholar
Baer, M., Dirks, K. T., & Nickerson, J. A. (2013). Microfoundations of strategic problem formulation. Strategy Management Journal, 34(2), 197214.Google Scholar
Balogun, J., & Johnson, G. (2004). Organizational restructuring and middle manager sensemaking. Academy of Management Journal, 47(4), 523549.Google Scholar
Baptista, J., Wilson, A. D., Galliers, R. D., & Bynghall, S. (2017). Social media and the emergence of reflexiveness as a new capability for open strategy. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 322336.Google Scholar
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99120.Google Scholar
Bettis, R. A., & Prahalad, C. K. (1995). The dominant logic: Retrospective and extension. Strategic Management Journal, 16(1), 514.Google Scholar
Bini, L., Dainelli, F., & Giunta, F. (2016). Business model disclosure in the Strategic Report: Entangling intellectual capital in value creation process. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 17(1), 83102.Google Scholar
Bjelland, O. M., & Wood, R. C. (2008). An inside view of IBM’s “Innovation Jam.” MIT Sloan Management Review, 50(1), 3240.Google Scholar
Bohm, D. (1996). On dialogue. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Borgatti, S.P., Mehra, A., Brass, D., & Labianca, G. (2009). Network analysis in the social sciences. Science, 323(5916), 892895.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Brummans, B. H. J. M., Cooren, F., Robichaud, D., & Taylor, J. R. (2014). Approaches in research on the communicative constitution of organizations. In Putnam, L. L. & Mumby, D. K. (Eds.), Sage handbook of organizational communication (pp. 173194). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Chandler, A. D. (1962). Strategy and structure: Chapters in the history of the American enterprise. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, 4(2), 125137.Google Scholar
Chesbrough, H. (2003). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Clarkson, M. E. (1995). A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance. Academy of Management Review, 20, 92117.Google Scholar
Cronin, M. A., & Weingart, L. R. (2007). Representational gaps, information processing, and conflict in functionally diverse teams. Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 761773.Google Scholar
David, P. A. (1998). Common agency contracting and the emergence of “Open science” institutions. American Economic Review, 88(2), 1521.Google Scholar
Denyer, D., Parry, E., & Flowers, P. (2011). “Social,” “Open” and “Participative”? Exploring personal experiences and organisational effects of enterprise2.0 use. Long Range Planning, 44(5–6), 375396.Google Scholar
Dobusch, L., Kremser, W., Seidl., D., & Werle, F. (2017). A communication perspective on open strategy and open innovation. Managementforschung, 27(1), 525.Google Scholar
Dobusch., L., Dobusch, L., & Müller-Seitz, G. (2019). Closing for the benefit of openness? The case of Wikimedia’s open strategy process. Organization Studies, 40(3) 343370.Google Scholar
Emerson, R. M. (1976). Social exchange theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 2(1), 335362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eppler, M. J., & Platts, K. W. (2009). Visual strategizing: The systematic use of visualization in the strategic-planning process. Long Range Planning, 42(1), 4274.Google Scholar
Faraj, S., von Krogh, G., Monteiro, E., & Lakhani, K. R. (2016). Special section introduction – Online community as space for knowledge flows. Information Systems Research, 27(4), 668684.Google Scholar
Fiegenbaum, A., Hart, S., & Schendel, D. (1996). Strategic reference point theory. Strategic Management Journal, 17(3), 219235.Google Scholar
Forker, J. J. (1992). Corporate governance and disclosure quality. Accounting and Business Research, 22(86), 111124.Google Scholar
Freeman, R. E. (2010). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gegenhuber, T., & Dobusch, L. (2017). Making an impression through openness: How open strategy-making practices change in the evolution of new ventures. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 337354.Google Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1977). The theory of affordances, in Shaw, R. & Bransford, J. (Eds.), Perceiving, acting, and knowing (pp. 6782). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Grant, D., Oswick, C., Hardy, C., Putnam, L. L., & Phillips, N. (Eds.). (2004). The Sage handbook of organizational discourse. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Grant, R. M. (1996). Toward a knowledge‐based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17(S2), 109122.Google Scholar
Gray, B. (1989). Collaborating. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Guth, W. D., & MacMillan, I. C. (1986). Strategy implementation versus middle management self‐interest. Strategic Management Journal, 7(4), 313327.Google Scholar
Haefliger, S., Monteiro, E., Foray, D., & von Krogh, G. (2011). Social software and strategy. Long Range Planning, 44(5/6), 297316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamel, G. (2000). Leading the revolution: How to survive in turbulent times by making innovation a way of life. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Hardy, C., Lawrence, T. B., & Phillips, N. (2006). Swimming with sharks: Creating strategic change through multi-sector collaboration. International Journal of Strategic Change Management, 1(1–2), 96112.Google Scholar
Harhoff, D., & Lakhani, K. (Eds.). (2016). Revolutionizing innovation: Users, communities, and open innovation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Hautz, J., Seidl, D., & Whittington, R. (2017). Open strategy: Dimensions, dilemmas, dynamics. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 298309.Google Scholar
Henisz, W. J., Dorobantu, S., & Nartey, L. J. (2014). Spinning gold: The financial returns to stakeholder engagement. Strategic Management Journal, 35(12), 17271748.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heracleous, L., Gößwein, J., & Beaudette, P. (2018). Open strategy-making at the Wikimedia Foundation: A dialogic perspective. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 54(1), 535.Google Scholar
Hillman, A. J., & Keim, G. D. (2001). Shareholder value, stakeholder management, and social issues: What’s the bottom line? Strategic Management Journal, 22(2), 125139.3.0.CO;2-H>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huijboom, N., & van den Broek, T. (2011). Open data: An international comparison of strategies. European Journal of ePractice, 12(1), 416.Google Scholar
Hutter, K., Nketia, B. A., & Füller, J. (2017). Falling short with participation – Different effects of ideation, commenting, and evaluating behavior on open strategizing. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 355370.Google Scholar
Janssen, M., Charalabidis, Y., & Zuiderwijk, A. (2012). Benefits, adoption barriers and myths of open data and open government. Information Systems Management, 29(4), 258268.Google Scholar
Kim, C. W., & Mauborgne, R. (1998). Procedural justice, strategic decision making, and the knowledge economy. Strategic Management Journal, 19(4), 323338.Google Scholar
Korsgaard, M. A., Schweiger, D. M., & Sapienza, H. J. (1995). Building commitment, attachment, and trust in strategic decision-making teams: The role of procedural justice. Academy of Management Journal, 38(1), 6084.Google Scholar
Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lawrence, T. B., Suddaby, R., & Leca, B. (Eds.). (2009). Institutional work: Actors and agency in institutional studies of organizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Luedicke, M. K., Husemann, K. C., Furnari, S., & Ladstaetter, F. (2017). Radically open strategizing: How the premium cola collective takes open strategy to the extreme. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 371384.Google Scholar
Luhmann, N. (1995). Social systems. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mack, D. Z., & Szulanski, G. (2017). Opening up: How centralization affects participation and inclusion in strategy making. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 385396.Google Scholar
Malhotra, A., Majchrzak, A., & Niemiec, R. M. (2017). Using public crowds for open strategy formulation: Mitigating the risks of knowledge gaps. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 397410.Google Scholar
Mantere, S., & Vaara, E. (2008). On the problem of participation in strategy: A critical discursive perspective. Organization Science, 19(2), 341358.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. W. (2010). World society, institutional theories, and the actor. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 120.Google Scholar
Morton, J., Wilson, A., & Cooke, L. (2018). Managing organizational legitimacy through modes of open strategizing. In Academy of Management Proceedings. 78th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, 10–14 Aug 2018, Chicago, Illinois. Academy of Management.Google Scholar
Nason, R. S., Bacq, S., & Gras, D. (2018). A behavioral theory of social performance: Social identity and stakeholder expectations. Academy of Management Review, 43(2), 259283.Google Scholar
Neeley, T., & Leonardi, P. (2018). Enacting knowledge strategy through social media use: The paradox of non-work interactions. Strategic Management Journal, 39(3), 922946.Google Scholar
Neilsen, E. H., & Rao, M. H. (1987). The strategy-legitimacy nexus: A thick description. Academy of Management Review, 12(3), 523533.Google Scholar
Oakes, L. S., Townley, B., & Cooper, D. J. (1998). Business planning as pedagogy: Language and control in a changing institutional field. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43(2), 257292.Google Scholar
Orlikowski, W. J. (2000). Using technology and constituting structures: A practice lens for studying technology in organizations, Organization Science, 11(4), 404428.Google Scholar
Pittz, T. G., & Adler, T. (2016). An exemplar of open strategy: Decision-making within multi-sector collaborations. Management Decision, 54(7), 15951614.Google Scholar
Popper, K. R. (1966). The open society and its enemies. Volumes I and II. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Prahalad, C. K., & Bettis, R. A. (1986). The dominant logic: A new linkage between diversity and performance. Strategic Management Journal, 7(6), 485501.Google Scholar
Quick, K. S., & Feldman, M. S. (2011). Distinguishing participation and inclusion. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 31(3), 272290.Google Scholar
Regnér, P. (2003). Strategy creation in the periphery: Inductive versus deductive strategy making. Journal of Management Studies, 40(1), 5782.Google Scholar
Rindova, V. P., & Fombrun, C. J. (1999). Constructing competitive advantage: The role of firm-constituent interactions. Strategic Management Journal, 20(8), 691710.Google Scholar
Schatzki, T. R. (2002). The site of the social: A philosophical account of the constitution of social life and change. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press.Google Scholar
Schlenker, B. R. (1980). Impression management. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Schmitt, R. (2010). Dealing with wicked issues: Open strategizing and the Camisea case. Journal of Business Ethics, 96(1), 1119.Google Scholar
Seidl, D., & Werle, F. (2018). Inter‐organizational sensemaking in the face of strategic meta‐problems: Requisite variety and dynamics of participation. Strategic Management Journal, 39(3), 830858.Google Scholar
Sieg, J. H., Wallin, M. W., & von Krogh, G. (2010). Managerial challenges in open innovation: A study of innovation intermediation in the chemical industry. R&D Management, 40(3), 281291.Google Scholar
Sinatra, A., Singh, H., & von Krogh, G. (Eds.). (2016). The management of corporate acquisitions: International perspectives. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Stieger, D., Matzler, K., Chatterjee, S., & Ladstaetter-Fussenegger, F. (2012). Democratizing strategy: How crowdsourcing can be used for strategy dialogues. California Management Review, 54 (4), 4468.Google Scholar
Strauss, A. (1988). Negotiations – Varieties, contexts, processes and social orders (4th ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 571610.Google Scholar
Suddaby, R., Bitektine, A., & Haack, P. (2017). Legitimacy. Academy of Management Annals, 11(1), 451478.Google Scholar
Teulier, R., & Rouleau, L. (2013). Middle managers’ sensemaking and interorganizational change initiation: Translation spaces and editing practices. Journal of Change Management, 13(3), 308337.Google Scholar
Tsoukas, H. (1996). The firm as a distributed knowledge system: A constructionist approach. Strategic Management Journal, 17(S2), 1125.Google Scholar
Uzunca, B., Rigtering, J. C., & Ozcan, P. (2018). Sharing and shaping: A cross-country comparison of how sharing economy firms shape their institutional environment to gain legitimacy. Academy of Management Discoveries, 4(3), 248272.Google Scholar
Viscusi, G., & Tucci, C. (2018). Three’s a crowd? Creating and capturing value through crowdsourcing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
von Hippel, E., & von Krogh, G. (2003). Open source software and the “private-collective” innovation model: Issues for organization science. Organization Science, 14(2), 209223.Google Scholar
von Hippel, E., & von Krogh, G. (2016). Identifying viable “need-solution pairs”: Problem solving without problem formulationOrganization Science, 27(1), 207221.Google Scholar
Weick, K. E. (1995). Sensemaking in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Wenzel, M., & Koch, J. (2018). Strategy as staged performance: A critical discursive perspective on keynote speeches as a genre of strategic communication. Strategic Management Journal, 39(3), 639663.Google Scholar
Westley, F. R. (1990). Middle managers and strategy: Microdynamics of inclusion. Strategic Management Journal, 11(5), 337351.Google Scholar
Whittington, R. (2019). Opening strategy: Professional strategists and practice change, 1960 to today. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Whittington, R., Cailluet, L., & Yakis‐Douglas, B. (2011). Opening strategy: Evolution of a precarious profession. British Journal of Management, 22(3), 531544.Google Scholar
Whittington, R., Yakis‐Douglas, B., & Ahn, K. (2016). Cheap talk? Strategy presentations as a form of chief executive officer impression management. Strategic Management Journal, 37(12), 24132424.Google Scholar
Wooldridge, B., & Floyd, S.W. (1990). The strategy process, middle management involvement, and organizational performance. Strategic Management Journal, 11(3), 231241.Google Scholar
Yakis-Douglas, B., Angwin, D., Ahn, K., & Meadows, M. (2017). Opening M&A strategy to investors: Predictors and outcomes of transparency during organizational transition. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 411422.Google Scholar

References

Abdallah, C., & Langley, A. (2014). The double edge of ambiguity in strategic planning. Journal of Management Studies, 51(2), 235264.Google Scholar
Allard-Poési, F. (2015). A Foucauldian perspective on strategic practice: Strategy as the art of (un) folding. In Golsorkhi, D., Rouleau, L., Seidl, D., & Vaara, E. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of strategy-as-practice (pp. 234248). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Andersen, T. J. (2004). Integrating decentralized strategy making and strategic planning processes in dynamic environments. Journal of Management Studies, 41(8), 12711299.Google Scholar
Andrews, K. R. (1987). The concept of corporate strategy, 3rd ed. Homewood, IL: Irwin.Google Scholar
Appleyard, M. N., & Chesborough, H. W. (2017). The dynamics of open strategy: From adoption to reversion. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 310321.Google Scholar
Balogun, J., & Johnson, G. (2004). Organizational restructuring and middle managers sensemaking. Academy of Management Journal, 47(4), 523549.Google Scholar
Balogun, J., & Johnson, G. (2005). From intended strategies to unintended outcomes: The impact of change recipient sensemaking. Organization Studies, 26(11), 15731601.Google Scholar
Balogun, J., Jacobs, C., Jarzabkowski, P., Mantere, S., & Vaara, E. (2014). Placing strategy discourse in context: Sociomateriality, sensemaking, and power. Journal of Management Studies, 51(2), 175201.Google Scholar
Bourgeois III, L. J. (1980). Strategy and environment: A conceptual integration. Academy of Management Review, 5(1), 2539.Google Scholar
Bower, J. L. (1970). Managing the resource allocation process. Boston: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bracker, J. (1980). The historical development of the strategic management concept. Academy of Management Review, 5(2), 219224.Google Scholar
Burgelman, R. A. (1983). A model of the interaction of strategic behavior, corporate context, and the concept of strategy. Academy of Management Review, 8(1), 6170.Google Scholar
Burgelman, R. A. (1991). Intraorganizational ecology of strategy making and organizational adaptation: Theory and field research. Organization Science, 2(3), 239262.Google Scholar
Burgelman, R. A. (1994). Fading memories: A process theory of strategic business exit in dynamic environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(1), 2456.Google Scholar
Burgelman, R. A., Floyd, S.W., Laamanen, T., Mantere, S., Vaara, E., & Whittington, R. (2018). Strategy processes and practices: Dialogues and intersections. Strategic Management Journal, 39(3), 531558.Google Scholar
Cadwalladr, C., & Graham-Harrison, E. (2018). How Cambridge Analytica turned Facebook “likes” into a lucrative political tool. The Guardian, 17 March 2018. Available from www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/mar/17/facebook-cambridge-analytica-kogan-data-algorithm.Google Scholar
Collier, N., Fishwick, F., & Floyd, S. W. (2004). Managerial involvement and perceptions of strategy process. Long Range Planning, 37(1), 6783.Google Scholar
Currie, G., & Procter, S. J. (2005). The antecedents of middle managers’ strategic contribution: The case of a professional bureaucracy. Journal of Management Studies, 42(7), 13251356.Google Scholar
Dachler, H. P., & Wilpert, B. (1978). Conceptual dimensions and boundaries of participation in organizations: A critical evaluation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23(1), 139.Google Scholar
Dameron, S., & Torset, C. (2014). The discursive construction of strategists’ subjectivities: Towards a paradox lens on strategy. Journal of Management Studies, 51(2), 291319.Google Scholar
Dameron, S., , J. K., & LeBaron, C. (2015). Materializing strategy and strategizing material: Why matter matters. British Journal of Management, 26, S1.Google Scholar
Dobusch, L., Dobusch, L., & Müller-Seitz, G. (2019). Closing for the benefit of opening: The case of Wikimedia’s open strategy process. Organization Studies, 40(3), 343370.Google Scholar
Eriksson, P., & Lehtimäki, H. (1998). Strategy management of the local information society: A constructionist perspective on the production and evaluation of strategy documents. Hallinnon Tutkimus, 4, 290301.Google Scholar
Eriksson, P., & Lehtimäki, H. (2001). Strategy rhetoric in city management: How the presumptions of classic strategic management live on? Scandinavian Journal of Management, 17(2), 201223.Google Scholar
Ezzamel, M. & Willmott, H. (2008). Strategy as discourse in a global retailer: A supplement to rationalist and interpretive accounts. Organization Studies, 29(2), 191217.Google Scholar
Felin, T., & Foss, N. J. (2005). Strategic organization: A field in search of micro-foundations. Strategic Organization, 3, 441455.Google Scholar
Felin, T., Foss, N. J., Heimericks, K. H., & Madsen, T. L. (2012). Microfoundations of routines and capabilities. Journal of Management Studies, 49 (8), 13511374.Google Scholar
Floyd, S. W., & Wooldridge, B. (1992). Middle management involvement in strategy and its association with strategic type: A research note. Strategic Management Journal, 13, 153167.Google Scholar
Floyd, S. W., & Wooldridge, B. (1996). The strategic middle manager: How to create and sustain competitive advantage. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Floyd, S. W., & Wooldridge, B. (2000). Building strategy from the middle: Reconceptualizing strategy process. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Freeman, J. (1972/1973). The tyranny of structurelessness. Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 17, 151164.Google Scholar
Gavetti, G. (2005). Cognition and hierarchy: Rethinking the microfoundations of capabilities’ development. Organization Science, 16(6), 599617.Google Scholar
Golsorkhi, D., Rouleau, L., Seidl, D., & Vaara, E. (2015). Cambridge handbook of strategy as practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hardy, C., & Thomas, R. (2014). Strategy, discourse and practice: The intensification of power. Journal of Management Studies, 51(2), 320348.Google Scholar
Hautz, J., Seidl, D., & Whittington, R. (2017). Open strategy: Dimensions, dilemmas, dynamics. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 298309.Google Scholar
Hendry, J., & Seidl, D. (2003). The structure and significance of strategic episodes: Social systems theory and the routine practices of strategic change. Journal of Management Studies, 40(1), 175196.Google Scholar
Hodgkinson, G. P., Whittington, R., Johnson, G., & Schwarz, M. (2006). The role of strategy workshops in strategy development processes: Formality, communication, co-ordination and inclusion. Long Range Planning, 39(5), 479496.Google Scholar
Holstein, J., Starkey, K., & Wright, M. (2018). Strategy and narrative in higher education. Strategic Organization, 16(1), 6191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarzabkowski, P., & Seidl, D. (2008). The role of meetings in the social practice of strategy. Organization Studies, 29(11), 13911426.Google Scholar
Jarzabkowski, P., & Spee, A.P. (2009). Strategy-as-practice: A review and future directions for the field. International Journal of Management Reviews, 11(1), 6995.Google Scholar
Jarzabkowski, P., Sillince, J.A.A., & Shaw, D. (2010). Strategic ambiguity as a rhetorical resource for enabling multiple strategic goals. Human Relations, 63(2), 219248.Google Scholar
Johnson, G., Prashantham, S., Floyd, S. W., & Bourque, N. (2010). The ritualization of strategy workshops. Organization Studies, 31(12), 15891618.Google Scholar
Kanter, R. M. (1989). The new managerial work. Harvard Business Review, 67(6), 8592.Google Scholar
Kaplan, S. (2011). Strategy and PowerPoint: An inquiry into the epistemic culture and machinery of strategy-making. Organization Science, 22(2), 320346.Google Scholar
Ketokivi, M., & Castañer, X. (2004). Strategic planning as an integrative device. Administrative Science Quarterly, 49(3), 337365.Google Scholar
Knights, D., & Morgan, G. (1991). Corporate strategy, organizations, and subjectivity: A critique. Organization Studies, 12(2), 251273.Google Scholar
Kornberger, M., & Clegg, S. (2011). Strategy as performative practice: The case of Sydney 2030. Strategic Organization, 9(2), 136162.Google Scholar
Kornberger, M., Meyer, R. E., Brandtner, C., & Höllerer, M. A. (2017). When bureaucracy meets the crowd: Studying “open government” in the Vienna City administration. Organization Studies, 38(2), 179200.Google Scholar
Kownatzki, M., Walter, J., Floyd, S. W., & Lechner, C. (2013). Corporate control and the speed of strategic business unit decision making. Academy of Management Journal, 56(5), 12951324.Google Scholar
Laine, P-M., & Vaara, E. (2007). Struggling over subjectivity: A discursive analysis of strategic development in an engineering group. Human Relations, 59(5), 611636.Google Scholar
Laine, P-M., & Vaara, E. (2015). Participation in strategy work. In Golsorkhi, D., Rouleau, L., Seidl, D., & Vaara, E. (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of strategy as practice, 2nd ed. (pp. 616631). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Laine, P-M., Meriläinen, S., Tienari, J., & Vaara, E. (2016). Mastery, submission, and subversion: On the performative construction of strategist identity. Organization, 23(4), 505524.Google Scholar
Luedicke, M. K., Husemann, K. C., Furnari, S., & Ladstaetter, F. (2017). Radically open strategizing: How the premium cola collective takes open strategy to the extreme. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 371384.Google Scholar
Mack, D. Z., & Szulanski, G. (2017). Opening up: How centralization affects participation and inclusion in strategy making. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 385396.Google Scholar
Mantere, S., & Vaara, E. (2008). On the problem of participation in strategy: A critical discursive perspective. Organization Science, 19(2), 341358.Google Scholar
Marginson, D. E. W. (2002). Management control systems and their effects on strategy formation at middle-management levels: Evidence from a UK Organization. Strategic Management Journal, 23(11), 10191031.Google Scholar
McCabe, D. (2010). Strategy-as-power: Ambiguity, contradiction and the exercise of power in a UK building society. Organization, 17(2),151175.Google Scholar
Mintzberg, H. (1978). Patterns in strategy formation. Management Science, 24(9),934948.Google Scholar
Mintzberg, H. (1994). The rise and fall of strategic planning. Harvard Business Review, 72(1), 107114.Google Scholar
Mintzberg, H., & Waters, J. A. (1985). Of strategies, deliberate and emergent. Strategic Management Journal, 6(3), 257272.Google Scholar
Mintzberg, H., Brunet, J. P., & Waters, J. A. (1986). Does planning impede strategic thinking? Tracking the strategies of Air Canada from 1937 to 1976. Advances in Strategic Management, 4(1).Google Scholar
Molloy, E., & Whittington, R. (2005). Organising organising: The practice inside the process. Advances in Strategic Management, 22, 491515.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, A.M. (1973). The politics of organizational decision-making. London: Tavistock Publications.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, A. M. (1992). The character and significance of strategy process research. Strategic Management Journal, 13(1), 516.Google Scholar
Powell, T. C., Lovallo, D., & Fox, C. R. (2011). Behavioral strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 32(13), 13691386.Google Scholar
Quick, K. S., & Feldman, M. S. (2011). Distinguishing participation and inclusion. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 31(3), 272290.Google Scholar
Rantakari, A., & Vaara, E. (2017). Narratives and processuality. In Langley, A. & Tsoukas, H. (Eds.), Sage handbook of process organization studies (pp. 271285). London: Sage.Google Scholar
Rouleau, L., & Balogun, J. (2011). Middle managers, strategic sensemaking, and discursive competence. Journal of Management Studies, 48(5), 953983.Google Scholar
Rumelt, R. P., Schendel, D. E., & Teece, D. J. (1994). Fundamental issues in strategy: A research agenda. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Samra-Fredericks, D. (2005). Strategic practice, “discourse” and the everyday interactional constitution of “power effects.” Organization, 12(6), 803841.Google Scholar
Seidl, D., & Guérard, S. (2015). Meetings and workshops as strategy practices. In Golsorkhi, D., Rouleau, L., & Seidl, D. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of strategy as practice (pp. 564581). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Seidl, D., & Whittington, R. (2014). Enlarging the strategy-as-practice research agenda: Towards taller and flatter ontologies. Organization Studies, 35(10), 14071421.Google Scholar
Spee, A. P., & Jarzabkowski, P. (2011). Strategic planning as communicative process. Organization Studies, 32(9), 12171245.Google Scholar
Stieger, D., Matzler, K., Chatterjee, S., & Ladstätter-Fussenegger, F. (2012). Democratizing strategy: How crowdsourcing can be used for strategy dialogues. California Management Review, 54(4), 126.Google Scholar
Vaara, E., & Whittington, R. (2012). Strategy-as-practice: Taking social practices seriously. Academy of Management Annals, 6(1), 285336.Google Scholar
Westley, F. R. (1990). Middle managers and strategy: Microdynamics of inclusion. Strategic Management Journal, 11(5), 337351.Google Scholar
Whittington, R. (2014). Information systems strategy and strategy-as-practice: A joint agenda. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 23(1), 8791.Google Scholar
Whittington, R., Cailluet, L., & Yakis‐Douglas, B. (2011). Opening strategy: Evolution of a precarious profession. British Journal of Management, 22(3), 531544.Google Scholar
Wooldridge, B., & Floyd, S. W. (1990). The strategy process, middle management involvement, and organizational performance. Strategic Management Journal, 11(3), 231241.Google Scholar
Wooldridge, B., & Floyd, S.W. (2017). Some middle managers are more influential than others: An approach for identifying strategic influence. In Floyd, S.W. & Wooldridge, B. (Eds.), Handbook of middle management strategy process research (pp. 5677). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar

References

Afuah, A., & Tucci, C. L. (2012). Crowdsourcing as a solution to distant search. Academy of Management Review, 37(3), 355375.Google Scholar
Alexy, O., George, G., & Salter, A. J. (2013). Cui Bono? The selective revealing of knowledge and its implications for innovative activity. Academy of Management Review, 38(2), 270291.Google Scholar
Alexy, O., West, J., Klapper, H., & Reitzig, M. (2018). Surrendering control to gain advantage: Reconciling openness and the resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 39(6), 17041727.Google Scholar
Appleyard, M. M., & Chesbrough, H. W. (2017). The dynamics of open strategy: From adoption to reversion. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 310321.Google Scholar
Ashmos, D. P., Duchon, D., & McDaniel, R. R. (1998). Participation in strategic decision making: The role of organizational predisposition and issue interpretation. Decision Sciences, 29(1), 2551.Google Scholar
Baer, M., Dirks, K. T., & Nickerson, J. A. (2013). Microfoundations of strategic problem formulation. Strategic Management Journal, 34(2), 197214.Google Scholar
Baldwin, C. Y., & Clark, K. B. (2006). The architecture of participation: Does code architecture mitigate free riding in the open source development model? Management Science, 52(7), 11161127.Google Scholar
Baptista, J., Wilson, A. D., Galliers, R. D., & Bynghall, S. (2017). Social media and the emergence of reflexiveness as a new capability for open strategy. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 322336.Google Scholar
Berchicci, L. (2013). Towards an open R&D system: Internal R&D investment, external knowledge acquisition and innovative performance. Research Policy, 42(1), 117127.Google Scholar
Birkinshaw, J. (2017). Reflections on open strategy. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 423426.Google Scholar
Bjelland, O. M., & Wood, R. C. (2008). An inside view of IBM’s “Innovation Jam.” MIT Sloan Management Review, 50(1), 3240.Google Scholar
Bogers, M., Afuah, A., & Bastian, B. (2010). Users as innovators: A review, critique, and future research directions. Journal of Management, 36(4), 857875.Google Scholar
Bogers, M., Chesbrough, H., & Moedas, C. (2018). Open innovation: Research, practices, and policies. California Management Review, 60 (2), 516.Google Scholar
Boudreau, K. J., & Lakhani, K. R. (2009). How to manage outside innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 50(4), 6976.Google Scholar
Brunswicker, S., & Chesbrough, H. (2018). The adoption of open innovation in large firms. Research-Technology Management, 61(1), 3545.Google Scholar
Buysse, K., & Verbeke, A. (2003). Proactive environmental strategies: A stakeholder management perspective. Strategic Management Journal, 24(5), 453470.Google Scholar
Cassiman, B., & Valentini, G. (2016). Open innovation: Are inbound and outbound knowledge flows really complementary? Strategic Management Journal, 37(6), 10341046.Google Scholar
Chatterji, A. K., & Fabrizio, K. R. (2014). Using users: When does external knowledge enhance corporate product innovation? Strategic Management Journal, 35(10), 14271445.Google Scholar
Chesbrough, H. (2003). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Chesbrough, H., & Brunswicker, S. (2014). A fad or a phenomenon? The adoption of open innovation practices in large firms. Research Technology Management, 57(2), 1625.Google Scholar
Chesbrough, H., & Crowther, A. K. (2006). Beyond high tech: Early adopters of open innovation in other industries. R&D Management, 36(3), 229236.Google Scholar
Chiaroni, D., Chiesa, V., & Frattini, F. (2011). The open innovation journey: How firms dynamically implement the emerging innovation management paradigm. Technovation, 31(1), 3443.Google Scholar
Clarke, A., & Fuller, M. (2010). Collaborative strategic management: Strategy formulation and implementation by multi-organizational cross-sector social partnerships. Journal of Business Ethics, 94(S1), 85101.Google Scholar
Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), 128152.Google Scholar
Colombo, M. G., Rabbiosi, L., & Reichstein, T. (2011). Organizing for external knowledge sourcing. European Management Review, 8(3), 111116.Google Scholar
Criado, J. I., Sandoval-Almazan, R., & Gil-Garcia, J. R. (2013). Government innovation through social media. Government Information Quarterly, 30(4), 319326.Google Scholar
Criscuolo, P., Laursen, K., Reichstein, T., & Salter, A. (2018). Winning combinations: Search strategies and innovativeness in the UK. Industry and Innovation, 25(2), 115143.Google Scholar
Cui, A. S., & Wu, F. (2016). Utilizing customer knowledge in innovation: Antecedents and impact of customer involvement on new product performance. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 44(4), 516538.Google Scholar
Di Gangi, P. M., & Wasko, M. (2009). Steal my idea! Organizational adoption of user innovations from a user innovation community: A case study of Dell IdeaStorm. Decision Support Systems, 48(1), 303312.Google Scholar
Dobusch, L., Dobusch, L., & Müller-Seitz, G. (2017a). Closing for the benefit of openness? The case of Wikimedia’s open strategy process. Organization Studies. Published online December 21, 2017, 128.Google Scholar
Dobusch, L., Kremser, W., Seidl, D., & Werle, F. (2017b). A communication perspective on open strategy and open innovation. Managementforschung, 27(1), 525.Google Scholar
Dodgson, M., Gann, D., & Salter, A. (2006). The role of technology in the shift towards open innovation: The case of Procter & Gamble. R&D Management, 36(3), 333346.Google Scholar
Dyer, J. H., & Nobeoka, K. (2000). Creating and managing a high-performance knowledge-sharing network: The Toyota case. Strategic Management Journal, 21(3), 345367.Google Scholar
Easterby-Smith, M., Lyles, M. A., & Tsang, E. W. K. (2008). Inter-Organizational knowledge transfer: Current themes and future prospects. Journal of Management Studies, 45(4), 677690.Google Scholar
Enkel, E., Gassmann, O., & Chesbrough, H. (2009). Open R&D and open innovation: Exploring the phenomenon. R&D Management, 39(4), 311316.Google Scholar
Faraj, S., von Krogh, G., Monteiro, E., & Lakhani, K. R. (2016). Special section introduction – Online community as space for knowledge flows. Information Systems Research, 27(4), 668684.Google Scholar
Felin, T., & Zenger, T. R. (2014). Closed or open innovation? Problem solving and the governance choice. Research Policy, 43(5), 914925.Google Scholar
Floyd, S., & Wooldridge, B. (2000). Building strategy from the middle: Reconceptualizing strategy process. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Foss, N. J., Laursen, K., & Pedersen, T. (2011). Linking customer interaction and innovation: The mediating role of new organizational practices. Organization Science, 22(4), 980999.Google Scholar
Foss, N. J., Lyngsie, J., & Zahra, S. A. (2013). The role of external knowledge sources and organizational design in the process of opportunity exploitation. Strategic Management Journal, 34(12), 14531471.Google Scholar
Franke, N., & Shah, S. (2003). How communities support innovative activities: An exploration of assistance and sharing among end-users. Research Policy, 32(1), 157178.Google Scholar
Freeman, R. E. (2010). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gambardella, A., Raasch, C., & von Hippel, E. (2017). The user innovation paradigm: Impacts on markets and welfare. Management Science, 63(5), 14501468.Google Scholar
Garriga, H., von Krogh, G., & Spaeth, S. (2013). How constraints and knowledge impact open innovation. Strategic Management Journal, 34(9), 11341144.Google Scholar
Gassmann, O., Enkel, E., & Chesbrough, H. (2010). The future of open innovation. R&D Management, 40(3), 213221.Google Scholar
Gawer, A., & Phillips, N. (2013). Institutional work as logics shift: The case of Intel’s transformation to platform leader. Organization Studies, 34(8), 10351071.Google Scholar
Gegenhuber, T., & Dobusch, L. (2017). Making an impression through openness: How open strategy-making practices change in the evolution of new ventures. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 337354.Google Scholar
Grant, R. M. (1996). Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17, 109122.Google Scholar
Grimpe, C., & Sofka, W. (2009). Search patterns and absorptive capacity: Low- and high-technology sectors in European countries. Research Policy, 38(3), 495506.Google Scholar
Groen, A. J., & Linton, J. D. (2010). Is open innovation a field of study or a communication barrier to theory development? Technovation, 30(11–12), 554.Google Scholar
Haefliger, S., Monteiro, E., Foray, D., & von Krogh, G. (2011). Social software and strategy. Long Range Planning, 44(5–6), 297316.Google Scholar
Haefliger, S., von Krogh, G. F., & Spaeth, S. (2008). Code reuse in open source software development. Management Science, 54(1), 180193.Google Scholar
Hamel, G., & Prahalad, C. K. (1991). Corporate imagination and expeditionary marketing. Harvard Business Review, 69(4), 8192.Google Scholar
Hautz, J., Seidl, D., & Whittington, R. (2017). Open strategy: Dimensions, dilemmas, dynamics. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 298309.Google Scholar
Hillman, A. J., & Hitt, M. A. (1999). Corporate political strategy formulation: A model of approach, participation, and strategy decisions. Academy of Management Review, 24(4), 825842.Google Scholar
Hillman, A. J., & Keim, G. D. (2001). Shareholder value, stakeholder management, and social issues: What’s the bottom line? Strategic Management Journal, 22(2), 125139.Google Scholar
Jeppesen, L. B., & Lakhani, K. R. (2010). Marginality and problem-solving effectiveness in broadcast search. Organization Science, 21(5), 10161033.Google Scholar
Katila, R., & Ahuja, G. (2002). Something old, something new: A longitudinal study of search behavior and new product introduction. Academy of Management Journal, 45(6), 11831194.Google Scholar
Kellogg, K. C., Orlikowski, W. J., & Yates, J. (2006). Life in the trading zone: Structuring coordination across boundaries in postbureaucratic organizations. Organization Science, 17(1), 2244.Google Scholar
Kim, B., Kim, E., & Foss, N. J. (2016). Balancing absorptive capacity and inbound open innovation for sustained innovative performance: An attention-based view. European Management Journal, 34(1), 8090.Google Scholar
Knight, K. E. (1967). A descriptive model of the intra-firm innovation process. The Journal of Business, 40(4), 478496.Google Scholar
Kogut, B., & Zander, U. (1992). Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology. Organization Science, 3(3), 383397.Google Scholar
Lakhani, K. R., & von Hippel, E. (2003). How open source software works: “Free” user-to-user assistance. Research Policy, 32(6), 923943.Google Scholar
Langen, M., & Kammergruber, W. C. (2013). Collaborative trend scouting and roadmapping. In 2013 International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE) & IEEE International Technology Management Conference (pp. 110). IEEE.Google Scholar
Laursen, K., & Salter, A. (2006). Open for innovation: The role of openness in explaining innovation performance among U.K. manufacturing firms. Strategic Management Journal, 27(2), 131150.Google Scholar
Laursen, K., & Salter, A. (2014). The paradox of openness: Appropriability, external search and collaboration. Research Policy, 43(5), 867878.Google Scholar
Lee, S. M., Hwang, T., & Choi, D. (2012). Open innovation in the public sector of leading countries. Management Decision, 50(1), 147162.Google Scholar
Liebeskind, J. P. (1996). Knowledge, strategy, and the theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17, 93107.Google Scholar
Lifshitz-Assaf, H. (2017). Dismantling knowledge boundaries at NASA: The critical role of professional identity in open innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 63(4), 746782.Google Scholar
Lombe, M., & Sherraden, M. (2008). Inclusion in the policy process: An agenda for participation of the marginalized. Journal of Policy Practice, 7(2–3), 199213.Google Scholar
Luedicke, M. K., Husemann, K. C., Furnari, S., & Ladstaetter, F. (2017). Radically open strategizing: How the premium cola collective takes open strategy to the extreme. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 371384.Google Scholar
MacCormack, A., Rusnak, J., & Baldwin, C. Y. (2006). Exploring the structure of complex software designs: An empirical study of open source and proprietary code. Management Science, 52(7), 10151030.Google Scholar
Mack, D. Z., & Szulanski, G. (2017). Opening up: How centralization affects participation and inclusion in strategy making. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 385396.Google Scholar
Malhotra, A., Majchrzak, A., & Niemiec, R. M. (2017). Using public crowds for open strategy formulation: Mitigating the risks of knowledge gaps. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 397410.Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. K., Agle, B. R., & Wood, D. J. (1997). Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review, 22(4), 853886.Google Scholar
Morgan, G. (1983). Rethinking corporate strategy: A cybernetic perspective. Human Relations, 36(4), 345360.Google Scholar
Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5(1), 1437.Google Scholar
Nonaka, I., von Krogh, G., & Voelpel, S. (2006). Organizational knowledge creation theory: Evolutionary paths and future advances. Organization Studies, 27(8), 11791208.Google Scholar
Perkmann, M., & Walsh, K. (2007). University–industry relationships and open innovation: Towards a research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 9(4), 259280.Google Scholar
Poetz, M. K., & Schreier, M. (2012). The value of crowdsourcing: Can users really compete with professionals in generating new product ideas? Journal of Product Innovation Management, 29(2), 245256.Google Scholar
Puranam, P., Raveendran, M., & Knudsen, T. (2012). Organization design: The epistemic interdependence perspective. Academy of Management Review, 37(3), 419440.Google Scholar
Puranam, P., Singh, H., & Zollo, M. (2006). Organizing for innovation: Managing the coordination-autonomy dilemma in technology acquisitions. Academy of Management Journal, 49(2), 263280.Google Scholar
Randhawa, K., Wilden, R., & Hohberger, J. (2016). A bibliometric review of open innovation: Setting a research agenda. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 33(6), 750772.Google Scholar
Rothaermel, F. T., & Alexandre, M. T. (2009). Ambidexterity in technology sourcing: The moderating role of absorptive capacity. Organization Science, 20(4), 759780.Google Scholar
Rumelt, R. (2003). Evaluating business strategy. In Quinn, J. B., Mintzberg, H., & James, R. M. (Eds.), The strategy process: Concepts, contexts, and cases, 2nd ed. (pp. 8087). Essex, England: Pearson Education Ltd.Google Scholar
Salter, A., Ter Wal, A. L. J., Criscuolo, P., & Alexy, O. (2015). Open for ideation: Individual-level openness and idea generation in R&D. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 32(4), 488504.Google Scholar
Schlagwein, D., Conboy, K., Feller, J., Leimeister, J. M., & Morgan, L. (2017). “Openness” with and without information technology: A framework and a brief history. Journal of Information Technology, 32(4), 297305.Google Scholar
Seidl, D., & Werle, F. (2018). Inter-organizational sensemaking in the face of strategic meta-problems: Requisite variety and dynamics of participation. Strategic Management Journal, 39(3), 830858.Google Scholar
Sieg, J. H., Wallin, M. W., & von Krogh, G. (2010). Managerial challenges in open innovation: A study of innovation intermediation in the chemical industry. R&D Management, 40(3), 281291.Google Scholar
Spaeth, S., Stuermer, M., & von Krogh, G. (2010). Enabling knowledge creation through outsiders: Towards a push model of open innovation. International Journal of Technology Management, 52(3–4), 411431.Google Scholar
Spaeth, S., von Krogh, G., & He, F. (2015). Perceived firm attributes and intrinsic motivation in sponsored open source software projects. Information Systems Research, 26(1), 224237.Google Scholar
Spicer, N., & Evans, R. (2006). Developing children and young people’s participation in strategic processes: The experience of the Children’s Fund initiative. Social Policy and Society, 5(02), 177.Google Scholar
Stanko, M. A., Fisher, G. J., & Bogers, M. (2017). Under the wide umbrella of open innovation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 34(4), 543558.Google Scholar
Stieger, D., Matzler, K., Chatterjee, S., & Ladstaetter-Fussenegger, F. (2012). Democratizing strategy: How crowdsourcing can be used for strategy dialogues. California Management Review, 54(4), 4468.Google Scholar
Stuermer, M., Spaeth, S., & von Krogh, G. (2009). Extending private-collective innovation: A case study. R&D Management, 39(2), 170191.Google Scholar
Tavakoli, A., Schlagwein, D., & Schoder, D. (2017). Open strategy: Literature review, reanalysis of cases and conceptualisation as a practice. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 26(3), 163184.Google Scholar
Tegarden, L., Sarason, Y., Childer, J. S., & Hatfield, D. E. (2005). The engagement of employees in the strategy process and firm performance: The role of strategic goals and environment. Journal of Business Strategies, 22(2), 7599.Google Scholar
Thomas, J. B., Sussman, S. W., & Henderson, J. C. (2001). Understanding “strategic learning”: Linking organizational learning, knowledge management, and sensemaking. Organization Science, 12(3), 331345.Google Scholar
Trantopoulos, K., von Krogh, G., Wallin, M. W., & Woerter, M. (2017). External knowledge and information technology: Implications for process innovation performance. MIS Quarterly, 41(1), 287300.Google Scholar
Tucci, C. L., Chesbrough, H., Piller, F., & West, J. (2016). When do firms undertake open, collaborative activities? Introduction to the special section on open innovation and open business models. Industrial and Corporate Change, 25(2), 283288.Google Scholar
Vanhaverbeke, W., Roijakkers, N., Lorenz, A., & Chesbrough, H. (2017). The importance of connecting open innovation to strategy. In Pfeffermann, N. & Gould, J. (Eds.), Strategy and communication for innovation, 3rd ed. (pp. 315). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.Google Scholar
van Wijk, R., Jansen, J. J. P., & Lyles, M. A. (2008). Inter-and intra-organizational knowledge transfer: A meta‐analytic review and assessment of its antecedents and consequences. Journal of Management Studies, 45(4), 830853.Google Scholar
von Hippel, E. (1986). Lead users: A source of novel product concepts. Management Science, 32(7), 791805.Google Scholar
von Hippel, E. (1994). Sticky information and the locus of problem-solving: Implications for innovation. Management Science, 40(4), 429439.Google Scholar
von Hippel, E., von Krogh, G., & Schoonhoven, C. B. (2003). Open source software and the “private-collective” innovation model: Issues for organization science. Organization Science, 14(2), 209223.Google Scholar
von Krogh, G. (2012). How does social software change knowledge management? Toward a strategic research agenda. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 21(2), 154164.Google Scholar
von Krogh, G., Haefliger, S., Spaeth, S., & Wallin, M. W. (2012). Carrots and rainbows: Motivation and social practice in open source software development. MIS Quarterly, 36(2), 649676.Google Scholar
von Krogh, G., Netland, T., & Woerter, M. (2017). Winning with open process innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 59(2), 5356.Google Scholar
von Krogh, G., & von Hippel, E. (2006). The promise of research on open source software. Management Science, 52(7), 975983.Google Scholar
West, J., & Bogers, M. (2014). Leveraging external sources of innovation: A review of research on open innovation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31(4), 814831.Google Scholar
Whittington, R., Cailluet, L., & Yakis-Douglas, B. (2011). Opening strategy: Evolution of a precarious profession. British Journal of Management, 22(3), 531544.Google Scholar
Whittington, R., Yakis-Douglas, B., & Ahn, K. (2016). Cheap talk? Strategy presentations as a form of chief executive officer impression management. Strategic Management Journal, 37(12), 24132424.Google Scholar
Yakis-Douglas, B., Angwin, D., Ahn, K., & Meadows, M. (2017). Opening M&A strategy to investors: Predictors and outcomes of transparency during organisational transition. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 411422.Google Scholar
Yoo, Y., Boland, R. J., Lyytinen, K., & Majchrzak, A. (2012). Organizing for innovation in the digitized world. Organization Science, 23(5), 13981408.Google Scholar
Zahra, S. A., & George, G. (2002). Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 185203.Google Scholar

References

Afuah, A. N., & Tucci, C. L. (2012). Crowdsourcing as a solution to distant search. Academy of Management Review, 37(3), 355375.Google Scholar
Alexy, O., George, G., & Salter, A. (2013a). Cui bono? The selective revealing of knowledge and its implications for innovative activity. Academy of Management Review, 38(2), 270291.Google Scholar
Alexy, O., Henkel, J., & Wallin, M. W. (2013b). From closed to open: Job role changes, individual predispositions, and the adoption of commercial open source software development. Research Policy, 42(8), 13251340.Google Scholar
Alexy, O., & Reitzig, M. (2013). Private–collective innovation, competition, and firms’ counterintuitive appropriation strategies. Research Policy, 42(4), 895913.Google Scholar
Alexy, O., West, J., Klapper, H., & Reitzig, M. (2018). Surrendering control to gain advantage: Reconciling openness and the resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 39(6), 17041727.Google Scholar
Altman, E. J., Nagle, F., & Tushman, M. (2014). Innovating without information constraints: Organizations, communities, and innovation when information costs approach zero. In Shalley, C., Hitt, M. A., & Zhou, J. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship (pp. 353384): Oxford Handbooks Online.Google Scholar
Amrollahi, A., Ghapanchi, A. H., & Talaei-Khoei, A. (2014). Using crowdsourcing tools for implementing open strategy: A case study in education. Twentieth Americas Conference on Information Systems, Savannah, 2014.Google Scholar
Amrollahi, A., & Ghapanchi, A. (2016). Open strategic planning in universities: A case study. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), Kauai, Hawaii.Google Scholar
Amrollahi, A., & Rowlands, B. (2016). OSPM: A design methodology for open strategic planning. Americas Conference on Information Systems (PACIS), Chiayi, Taiwan.Google Scholar
Appleyard, M. M., & Chesbrough, H. W. (2017). The dynamics of open strategy: From adoption to reversion. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 310321.Google Scholar
Aten, K., & Thomas, G. F. (2016). Crowdsourcing strategizing: Communication technology affordances and the communicative constitution of organizational strategy. International Journal of Business Communication, 53(2), 148180.Google Scholar
Baldwin, C., & Clark, K. (1997). Managing in an age of modularity. Harvard Business Review, September–October, 8493.Google Scholar
Baldwin, C. Y., & Clark, K. B. (2000). Design rules: The power of modularity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Baldwin, C. Y., & Clark, K. B. (2006). The architecture of participation: Does code architecture mitigate free riding in the open source development model? Management Science, 52(7), 11161127.Google Scholar
Baldwin, C. Y., & Henkel, J. (2015). Modularity and intellectual property protection. Strategic Management Journal, 36(11), 16371655.Google Scholar
Barge-Gil, A. (2013). Open strategies and innovation performance. Industry & Innovation, Taylor & Francis Journals, 20(7), 585610.Google Scholar
Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99120.Google Scholar
Benkler, Y. (2002). Coase’s penguin, or, Linux and “the nature of the firm.” Yale Law Journal, 112(3), 369446.Google Scholar
Bogers, M., & West, J. (2012). Managing distributed innovation: Strategic utilization of open and user innovation. Creativity and Innovation Management, 21(1), 6175.Google Scholar
Bogers, M., Zobel, A.-K., Afuah, A., Almirall, E., Brunswicker, S., Dahlander, L., Frederiksen, L., Gawer, A., Gruber, M., Haefliger, S., Hagedoorn, J., Hilgers, D., Laursen, K., Magnusson, M. G., Majchrzak, A., McCarthy, I. P., Moeslein, K. M., Nambisan, S., Piller, F. T., Radziwon, A., Rossi-Lamastra, C., Sims, J., & Ter Wal, A. L. J. (2017). The open innovation research landscape: Established perspectives and emerging themes across different levels of analysis. Industry and Innovation, 24(1), 840.Google Scholar
Bonaccorsi, A., Giannangeli, S., & Rossi, C. (2006). Entry strategies under competing standards: Hybrid business models in the open source software industry. Management Science, 52(7), 10851098.Google Scholar
Borkar, S. Y., Dubey, P., Kahn, K. C., Kuck, D. J., Mulder, H., Pawlowski, S. S., & Rattner, J. R. (2005). Platform 2015: Intel processor and platform evolution for the next decade. Technology@ Intel Magazine, 3, 3.Google Scholar
Boudreau, K. (2010). Open platform strategies and innovation: Granting access vs. devolving control. Management Science, 56(10), 18491872.Google Scholar
Boudreau, K. J. (2012). Let a thousand flowers bloom? An early look at large numbers of software app developers and patterns of innovation. Organization Science, 23(5), 14091427.Google Scholar
Boudreau, K., & Lakhani, K. (2009). How to manage outside innovation. Sloan Management Review, 50(4), 6975.Google Scholar
Boudreau, K. J., Guinan, E., Lakhani, K. R., & Riedl, C. (2016). Looking across and looking beyond the knowledge frontier: Intellectual distance, novelty, and resource allocation in science. Management Science, 62(10), 27652783.Google Scholar
Boudreau, K. J., & Lakhani, K. R. (2015). “Open” disclosure of innovations, incentives and follow-on reuse: Theory on processes of cumulative innovation and a field experiment in computational biology. Research Policy, 44(1), 419.Google Scholar
Brunswicker, S., & Vanhaverbeke, W. (2015). Open innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): External knowledge sourcing strategies and internal organizational facilitators. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(4), 12411263.Google Scholar
Bücheler, T., Füchslin, R. M., Pfeifer, R., & Sieg, J. H. (2010). Crowdsourcing, open innovation and collective intelligence in the scientific method: A research agenda and operational framework. Artificial Life XII – Twelfth International Conference on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems, Odense, Denmark, 19 August 2010–23 August 2010, 679686.Google Scholar
Burgelman, R. A. (1991). Intraorganizational ecology of strategy making and organizational adaptation: Theory and field research. Organization Science, 2(3), 239262.Google Scholar
Cheng, C. C. J., & Huizingh, E. K. R. E. (2014). When is open innovation beneficial? The role of strategic orientation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31(6), 12351253.Google Scholar
Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Chesbrough, H. W. (2006). Open business models: How to thrive in the new innovation landscape. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Chesbrough, H. W., & Appleyard, M. M. (2007). Open innovation and strategy. California Management Review, 50(1), 5774.Google Scholar
Chesbrough, H. W., & Prencipe, A. (2008). Networks of innovation and modularity: A dynamic perspective. International Journal of Technology Management, 42(4), 414425.Google Scholar
Chesbrough, H. W., Vanhaverbeke, W., & West, J. (2014). New frontiers in open innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Clarkson, G., & Toh, P. K. (2010). “Keep out” signs: The role of deterrence in the competition for resources. Strategic Management Journal, 31(11), 12021225.Google Scholar
Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), 128152.Google Scholar
Cruz-González, J., López-Sáez, P., Navas-López, J. E., & Delgado-Verde, M. (2015). Open search strategies and firm performance: The different moderating role of technological environmental dynamism. Technovation, 35, 3245.Google Scholar
Cyert, R. M., & March, J. G. (1963). A behavioral theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Dahlander, L., & Gann, D. M. (2010). How open is innovation? Research Policy, 39(6), 699709.Google Scholar
Dahlander, L., & O’Mahony, S. (2011). Progressing to the center: Coordinating project work. Organization Science, 22(4), 961979.Google Scholar
Dattée, B., Alexy, O., & Autio, E. (2018). Maneuvering in poor visibility: How firms play the ecosystem game when uncertainty is high. Academy of Management Journal, 61(2), 466498.Google Scholar
DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147160.Google Scholar
Dobusch, L., Dobusch, L., & Müller-Seitz, G. (2019). Closing for the benefit of openness? The case of Wikimedia’s open strategy process. Organization Studies, 40(3), 343370.Google Scholar
Dobusch, L., Kremser, W., Seidl, D., & Werle, F. (2017). A communication perspective on open strategy and open innovation. Managementforschung, 27(1), 525.Google Scholar
Dodgson, M., Gann, D. M., & Salter, A. (2007). “In case of fire, please use the elevator”: Simulation technology and organization in fire engineering. Organization Science, 18(5), 849864.Google Scholar
Dodgson, M., Gann, D. M., & Salter, A. (2008). The management of technological innovation: Strategy and practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Doz, Y. L., & Kosonen, M. (2008). Fast strategy: How strategic agility will help you stay ahead of the game. Harlow, UK: Pearson.Google Scholar
Emerson, R. M. (1962). Power-dependence relations. American Sociological Review, 27(1), 3141.Google Scholar
Felin, T., & Zenger, T. R. (2014). Closed or open innovation? Problem solving and the governance choice. Research Policy, 43(5), 914925.Google Scholar
Fiegenbaum, I., Ihrig, M., & Torkkeli, M. (2014). Investigating open innovation strategies: A simulation study. International Journal of Technology Management, 66(2–3), 183211.Google Scholar
Foss, N. J. (2003). Selective intervention and internal hybrids: Interpreting and learning from the rise and decline of the Oticon spaghetti organization. Organization Science, 14(3), 331349.Google Scholar
Foss, N. J., Laursen, K., & Pedersen, T. (2011). Linking customer interaction and innovation: The mediating role of new organizational practices. Organization Science, 22(4), 980999.Google Scholar
Frey, K., Lüthje, C., & Haag, S. (2011). Whom should firms attract to open innovation platforms? The role of knowledge diversity and motivation. Long Range Planning, 44(5), 397420.Google Scholar
Gassmann, O., & Enkel, E. (2004). Towards a theory of open innovation: Three core process archetypes. R&D Management Conference (RADMA). Lisbon, Portugal.Google Scholar
Gassmann, O., & Enkel, E. (2006). Open innovation: Die öffnung des innovationsprozesses erhöht das innovationspotenzial. Zeitschrift Führung + Organisation, 75(3), 132135.Google Scholar
Gassmann, O., Enkel, E., & Chesbrough, H. M. (2010). The future of open innovation. R&D Management, 40(3), 213221.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Guinan, E. C., Boudreau, K. J., & Lakhani, K. R. (2013). Experiments in open innovation at Harvard Medical School. MIT Sloan Management Review, 54(3), 4552.Google Scholar
Harhoff, D., Henkel, J., & von Hippel, E. (2003). Profiting from voluntary information spillovers: How users benefit by freely revealing their innovations. Research Policy, 32(10), 17531769.Google Scholar
Hautz, J., Seidl, D., & Whittington, R. (2017). Open strategy: Dimensions, dilemmas, dynamics. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 298309.Google Scholar
Henkel, J. (2004). Open source software from commercial firms – tools, complements, and collective invention. ZfB-Ergänzungsheft, 74(4), 123.Google Scholar
Henkel, J. (2006). Selective revealing in open innovation processes: The case of Embedded Linux. Research Policy, 35(7), 953969.Google Scholar
Henkel, J., & Baldwin, C. Y. (2011). Modularity for value appropriation: Drawing the boundaries of intellectual property. Harvard Business School Finance Working Paper No. 11–054.Google Scholar
Henkel, J., Baldwin, C., & Shih, W. (2013). IP modularity: Profiting from innovation by aligning product architecture with intellectual property. California Management Review, 55(4), 6582.Google Scholar
Hossain, M. (2012). Crowdsourcing: Activities, Incentives and Users’ Motivations to Participate. Paper presented at the 2012 International Conference on Innovation Management and Technology Research.Google Scholar
Howe, J. (2006). The rise of crowdsourcing. Wired, 14, 6.Google Scholar
Huston, L., & Sakkab, N. (2006). Connect and develop. Harvard Business Review, 84(3), 5866.Google Scholar
Huy, Q. N. (2011). How middle managers’ group-focus emotions and social identities influence strategy implementation. Strategic Management Journal, 32(13), 13871410.Google Scholar
Jacobides, M. G., MacDuffie, J. P., & Tae, C. J. (2016). Agency, structure, and the dominance of OEMs: Change and stability in the automotive sector. Strategic Management Journal, 37(9), 19421967.Google Scholar
Jacobides, M. G., & Tae, C. J. (2015). Kingpins, bottlenecks, and value dynamics along a sector. Organization Science, 26(3), 889907.Google Scholar
Jarzabkowski, P., Balogun, J., & Seidl, D. (2007). Strategizing: The challenges of a practice perspective. Human Relations, 60(1), 527.Google Scholar
Jeppesen, L. B., & Lakhani, K. R. (2010). Marginality and problem-solving effectiveness in broadcast search. Organization Science, 21(5), 10161033.Google Scholar
Kaplan, S. (2008). Framing contests: Strategy making under uncertainty. Organization Science, 19(5), 729752.Google Scholar
Laamanen, T., Reuter, E., Schimmer, M., Ueberbacher, F., & Guerra, X. W. (2015). Quantitative methods in strategy-as-practice research. In Golsorkhi, D., Seidl, D., Vaara, E., & Rouleau, L. (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of strategy as practice, 2nd ed. (pp. 520544). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lakhani, K. R., & Panetta, J. A. (2007). The principles of distributed innovation. Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization, 2(3), 97112.Google Scholar
Lakhani, K. R., & Lonstein, E. (2008). InnoCentive.com. Harvard Business School General Management Unit Case No. 612–026.Google Scholar
Lampel, J., Pushkar, P. J., & Bhalla, A. (2012). Test-driving the future: How design competitions are changing innovation. Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(2), 7185.Google Scholar
Langlois, R. N. (2002). Modularity in technology and organization. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 49(1), 1937.Google Scholar
Lathrop, D., & Ruma, L. (2010). Open government: Collaboration, transparency, and participation in practice. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly.Google Scholar
Laursen, K., & Salter, A. J. (2006). Open for innovation: The role of openness in explaining innovation performance among U.K. manufacturing firms. Strategic Management Journal, 27(2), 131150.Google Scholar
Lazzarotti, V., Garcia, M., Manzini, R., & Garcia, M. (2014). Open innovation strategies in the food and drink industry: Determinants and impact on innovation performance. International Journal of Technology Management, 66(2/3), 212242.Google Scholar
Lichtenthaler, U. (2008). Opening up strategic technology planning: Extended roadmaps and functional markets. Management Decision, 46(1), 7791.Google Scholar
Lifshitz-Assaf, H. (2017). Dismantling knowledge boundaries at NASA: The critical role of professional identity in open innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 63(4), 746782. 0001839217747876Google Scholar
Luedicke, M. K., Husemann, K. C., Furnari, S., & Ladstaetter, F. (2017). Radically open strategizing: How the premium cola collective takes open strategy to the extreme. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 371384.Google Scholar
MacCormack, A. D., Rusnak, J., & Baldwin, C. Y. (2006). Exploring the structure of complex software designs: An empirical study of open source and proprietary code. Management Science, 52(7), 10151030.Google Scholar
Majchrzak, A., Griffith, T. L., Reetz, D. K., & Alexy, O. (2018) Catalyst Organizations as a New Organization Design for Innovation: The Case of Hyperloop Transportation Technologies. Academy of Management Discoveries, 4(4), 472496.Google Scholar
Majchrzak, A., Wagner, C., & Yates, D. (2006). Corporate wiki users: Results of a survey, Proceedings of the 2006 international symposium on Wikis, 99104. Odense, Denmark: ACM.Google Scholar
Malhotra, A., Majchrzak, A., & Niemiec, R. M. (2017). Using public crowds for open strategy formulation: Mitigating the risks of knowledge gaps. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 397410.Google Scholar
March, J. (1991). Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 7187.Google Scholar
Markus, M. L., & Robey, D. (1988). Information technology and organizational change: Causal structure in theory and research. Management Science, 34(5), 583598.Google Scholar
Mergel, I., & Desouza, K. C. (2013). Implementing open innovation in the public sector: The case of challenge.Gov. Public Administration Review, 73(6), 882890.Google Scholar
Mintzberg, H. (1979). The structuring of organizations: A synthesis of the research. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B., & Lampel, J. (1998). Strategy safari. London: Financial Times/. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Montgomery, C. A. (2008). Putting leadership back into strategy. Harvard Business Review, 86(1), 5460.Google Scholar
Morton, J., Wilson, A., & Cooke, L. (2015). Collaboration and knowledge sharing in open strategy initiatives. Proceedings of iFutures 2015, Sheffield, 7 July 2015, 7 pp.Google Scholar
Ng, E. S. W., & McGinnis Johnson, J. (2015). Millennials: Who are they, how are they different, and why should we care? In Burke, R. J., Cooper, C. L., & Antoniou, A.-S. G. (Eds.), The multi-generational and aging workforce: Challenges and opportunities (pp. 121138). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Online, OED. (2013). Open, adj. www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/131699; retrieved February 15, 2014.Google Scholar
Palmisano, S. (2004). Leading change when business is good. Harvard Business Review, 82: 6070.Google Scholar
Parmigiani, A., & Howard-Grenville, J. (2011). Routines revisited: Exploring the capabilities and practice perspectives. Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 413453.Google Scholar
Peppard, J., Galliers, R. D., & Thorogood, A. (2014). Information systems strategy as practice: Micro strategy and strategizing for IS. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 23(1), 110.Google Scholar
Perkmann, M., & Schildt, H. (2015). Open data partnerships between firms and universities: The role of boundary organizations. Research Policy, 44(5), 11331143.Google Scholar
Peters, H. P. F., & van Raan, A. F. J. (1993). Co-word-based science maps of chemical engineering. Part I: Representations by direct multidimensional scaling. Research Policy, 22(1), 2345.Google Scholar
Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (1978). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective (2003 classic ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Pisano, G. P., & Teece, D. J. (2007). How to capture value from innovation: Shaping intellectual property and industry architecture. California Management Review, 50(1), 278296.Google Scholar
Pittz, T. G., & Adler, T. (2016). An exemplar of open strategy: Decision-making within multi-sector collaborations. Management Decision, 54(7), 15951614.Google Scholar
Polidoro, F., & Toh, P. K. (2011). Letting rivals come close or warding them off? The effects of substitution threat on imitation deterrence. Academy of Management Journal, 54(2), 369392.Google Scholar
Polidoro, F., & Theeke, M. (2012). Getting competition down to a science: The effects of technological competition on firms’ scientific publications. Organization Science, 23(4), 11351153.Google Scholar
Powell, W. W., Koput, K. W., & Smith-Doerr, L. (1996). Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation: Networks of learning in biotechnology. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(1), 116145.Google Scholar
Powley, E. H., Fry, R. E., Barrett, F. J., & Bright, D. S. (2004). Dialogic democracy meets command and control: Transformation through the appreciative inquiry summit. The Academy of Management Executive (1993–2005), 18(3), 6780.Google Scholar
Prahalad, C. K., & Ramaswamy, V. (2004). The future of competition: Co-creating unique value with customers. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Puranam, P., Alexy, O., & Reitzig, M. (2014). What’s “new” about new forms of organizing? Academy of Management Review, 39(2), 162180.Google Scholar
Ramaswamy, V., & Gouillart, F. (2010). Building the co-creative enterprise. Harvard Business Review, 88(10), 100109.Google Scholar
Reetz, D. K., & MacAulay, S. (2016). Beyond ill-structured problems: Tackling true novelty through co-evolutionary search. 36th Strategic Management Conference SMS, Berlin.Google Scholar
Robertson, B. J. (2015). Holacracy: The revolutionary management system that abolishes hierarchy. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Saebi, T., & Foss, N. J. (2015). Business models for open innovation: Matching heterogeneous open innovation strategies with business model dimensions. European Management Journal, 33(3), 201213.Google Scholar
Scott, W. R., & Davis, G. F. (2007). Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural, and open system perspectives. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Seidl, D., & Werle, F. (2018). Inter-organizational sensemaking in the face of strategic meta-problems: Requisite variety and dynamics of participation. Strategic Management Journal, 39(3), 830858.Google Scholar
Seltzer, E., & Mahmoudi, D. (2013). Citizen participation, open innovation, and crowdsourcing: Challenges and opportunities for planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 28(1), 318.Google Scholar
Shafique, M. (2013). Thinking inside the box? Intellectual structure of the knowledge base of innovation research (1988–2008). Strategic Management Journal, 34(1), 6293.Google Scholar
Shah, S. (2006). Motivation, governance, and the viability of hybrid forms in open source software development. Management Science, 52(7), 10001014.Google Scholar
Stieger, D., Matzler, K., Chatterjee, S., & Ladstaetter-Fussenegger, F. (2012). Democratizing strategy: How crowdsourcing can be used for strategy dialogues. California Management Review, 54(4), 4468.Google Scholar
Tavakoli, A., Schlagwein, D., & Schoder, D. (2015). Open strategy: Consolidated definition and processual conceptualization. Thirty-Sixth International Conference on Information Systems, Fort Worth, 2015.Google Scholar
Tavakoli, A., Schlagwein, D., & Schoder, D. (2017). Open strategy: Literature review, re-analysis of cases and conceptualisation as a practice. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 26(3), 163184.Google Scholar
Trantopoulos, K., von Krogh, G., Wallin, M. W., & Woerter, M. (2017). External knowledge and information technology: Implications for process innovation performance. MIS Quarterly, 41(1), 287-A288.Google Scholar
Tucci, C. L., Chesbrough, H., Piller, F., & West, J. (2016). When do firms undertake open, collaborative activities? Introduction to the special section on open innovation and open business models. Industrial and Corporate Change, 25(2), 283288.Google Scholar
Tushman, M., Lakhani, K. R., & Lifshitz-Assaf, H. (2012). Open innovation and organization design. Journal of Organization Design, 1(1), 2427.Google Scholar
Urban, G. L., & von Hippel, E. (1988). Lead user analysis for development of new industrial products. Management Science, 34(5), 569582.Google Scholar
van Burg, E., Berends, H., & van Raaij, E. M. (2014). Framing and interorganizational knowledge transfer: A process study of collaborative innovation in the aircraft industry. Journal of Management Studies, 51(3), 349378.Google Scholar
van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2009). How to normalize cooccurrence data? An analysis of some well-known similarity measures. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 60(8), 16351651.Google Scholar
van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2010). Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics, 84(2), 523538.Google Scholar
Verdin, P., & Tackx, K. (2015). Can co-creation lead to better strategy? An exploratory research. Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Working Paper.Google Scholar
von Hippel, E. (1976). The dominant role of users in the scientific instrument innovations process. Research Policy, 5, 212239.Google Scholar
von Hippel, E. (1988). The sources of innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
von Hippel, E., & von Krogh, G. (2003). Open source software and the “private-collective” innovation model: Issues for organization science. Organization Science, 14(2), 209233.Google Scholar
von Hippel, E., & von Krogh, G. (2006). Free revealing and the private-collective model for innovation incentives. R&D Management, 36(3), 295306.Google Scholar
von Krogh, G. (2012). How does social software change knowledge management? Toward a strategic research agenda. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 21(2), 154164.Google Scholar
Vuori, T. O., & Huy, Q. N. (2015). Distributed attention and shared emotions in the innovation process: How Nokia lost the smartphone battle. Administrative Science Quarterly, 61(1), 951.Google Scholar
West, J. (2003). How open is open enough? Melding proprietary and open source platform strategies. Research Policy, 32(7), 12591285.Google Scholar
West, J. & Bogers, M. (2014). Leveraging external sources of innovation: A review of research on open innovation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31(4), 814831.Google Scholar
West, J., & Gallagher, S. (2006). Challenges of open innovation: The paradox of firm investment in open source software. R&D Management, 36(3), 319331.Google Scholar
West, J., & O’Mahony, S. (2008). The role of participation architecture in growing sponsored open source communities. Industry and Innovation, 15(2), 145168.Google Scholar
West, J., Salter, A., Vanhaverbeke, W., & Chesbrough, H. (2014). Open innovation: The next decade. Research Policy, 43(5), 805811.Google Scholar
Whittington, R. (1996). Strategy as practice. Long Range Planning, 29(5), 731735.Google Scholar
Whittington, R. (2006). Completing the practice turn in strategy research. Organization Studies, 27(5), 613634.Google Scholar
Whittington, R., Cailluet, L., & Yakis‐Douglas, B. (2011). Opening strategy: Evolution of a precarious profession. British Journal of Management, 22(3), 531544.Google Scholar
Whittington, R., Yakis-Douglas, B., & Ahn, K. (2016). Cheap talk? Strategy presentations as a form of chief executive officer impression management. Strategic Management Journal, 37(12), 24132424.Google Scholar
Yakis-Douglas, B., Angwin, D., Ahn, K., & Meadows, M. (2017). Opening M&A strategy to investors: Predictors and outcomes of transparency during organisational transition. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 411422.Google Scholar
Zammuto, R. F., Griffith, T. L., Majchrzak, A., Dougherty, D. J., & Faraj, S. (2007). Information technology and the changing fabric of organization. Organization Science, 18(5), 749762.Google Scholar
Zang, J., Zhang, C., Yang, P., & Li, Y. (2014). How open search strategies align with firms’ radical and incremental innovation. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 26(7), 781795.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×