Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-29T15:54:32.764Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

12 - Parenting during Emerging Adulthood

from Part II - Parenting across Development: Social, Emotional, and Cognitive Influences

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2022

By
Larry J. Nelson
Edited by
Amanda Sheffield Morris  and
Julia Mendez Smith
Amanda Sheffield Morris
Affiliation:
Oklahoma State University
Julia Mendez Smith
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, Greensboro
Get access

Summary

In the minds of many parents and in the eyes of the law in many countries, becoming an adult is signified by turning age 18. As nice as it might be to think that simply turning a certain age automatically equips an individual with all of the knowledge, skills, and abilities requisite to independently and successfully navigate adulthood, the reality is that becoming an adult is a process. As such, parents continue to play an important role in the process of their children becoming adults. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the many important ways that parents still matter in the lives of their children during emerging adulthood. In order to do this, first, a theoretical and developmental foundation will be provided for why it is important to consider the contributions of parents during emerging adulthood (ages 18-29). Next, a review of the literature will show the specific ways in which parenting is linked to emerging adults’ flourishing and floundering, respectively, including the role that culture may play in these relations. Finally, the chapter will include a framework for parents to think about how to parent during this time.

Keywords

parentingparent-child relationshipflourishingflounderingpsychological controlhelicopter parenting
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Parenting , pp. 259 - 278
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abaied, J. L., & Emond, C. (2013). Parent psychological control and responses to interpersonal stress in emerging adulthood: Moderating effects of behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation. Emerging Adulthood, 1, 258–270.Google Scholar
Alt, D. (2015). First-year female college students’ academic motivation as a function of perceived parenting styles: A contextual perspective. Journal of Adult Development, 22, 63–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, J. A. & Westling, E. (2016). Substance use in emerging adulthood. In Arnett, J. J. (Ed.), Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of emerging adulthood (pp. 521–542). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bámaca-Colbert, M. Y., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., & Gayles, J. G. (2012). A developmental-contextual model of depressive symptoms in Mexican-origin female adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 48, 406–421. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025666Google Scholar
Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67, 3296–3319.Google Scholar
Barry, C. M., Padilla-Walker, L. M., Madsen, S. D., & Nelson, L. J. (2008). The impact of maternal relationship quality on emerging adults’ prosocial tendencies: Indirect effects via regulation of prosocial values. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 581–591.Google Scholar
Bell, L., Burtless, G., Gornick, J., & Smeeding, T. M. (2005). Failure to launch: Cross-national trends in the transition to economic independence. In Danzinger, S. & Rouse, C. (Eds.), The price of independence: The economics of early adulthood (pp. 27–55). Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Blos, P. (1979). The adolescent passage. International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Bornstein, M. H. & Cote, L. R. (2019). Immigrant parenthood. In Bornstein, M. H. (Ed.), Handbook of Parenting (3rd Ed.), (pp. 198–233). Erlbaum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley-Geist, C. J. & Olson-Buchanan, B. J. (2014). Helicopter parents: An examination of the correlates of over-parenting of college students. Education+Training, 56, 314–328.Google Scholar
Buhl, H. M. (2007). Well-being and the child–parent relationship at the transition from university to work life. Journal of Adolescent Research, 22, 550–571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, L. (2007). Childhood adultification in economically disadvantaged families: A conceptual model. Family Relations, 56, 329–345.Google Scholar
Carrà, E., Lanz, M., & Tagliabue, S. (2014). Transition to adulthood in Italy: An intergenerational perspective. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 45, 235–248. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.45.2.235Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). Impaired driving: Get the facts. www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/impaired_driving/impaired-drv_factsheet.html.Google Scholar
Cerdá, M., Bordelois, P., Keyes, K. M. et al. (2014). Family ties: Maternal-offspring attachment and young adult nonmedical prescription opioid use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 142, 231-238. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.026Google Scholar
Chen, X., & Wang, L. (2010). Child development in China. In Bornstein, M. (Ed.), Handbook of cultural developmental science (pp. 429–444). Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Clifford, B. N. & Nelson, L. J. (2019). Somebody to lean on: The moderating effect of relationships on links between social withdrawal and self-worth. Journal of Relationships Research, 10, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1017/jrr.2019.5Google Scholar
Confucius. (2003). Confucious analects: With selections from traditional commentaries. Translated by Slingerland, E.. Hackett Publishing.Google Scholar
Cook, E. C. (2020). Understanding the associations between helicopter parenting and emerging adults’ adjustment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 1899–1913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, J. M., & Piquero, A. R. (2016). Crime and punishment in emerging adulthood. In Arnett, J. J. (Ed.), Handbook of Emerging Adulthood (p. 543–558). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Crocetti, E. & Tagliabue, S. (2016). Are being responsible, having a stable job, and caring for the family important for adulthood? Examining the importance of different criteria for adulthood in Italian emerging adults. In Zukauskiene, R. (Ed.), Emerging adulthood in an European context (pp. 33–53). Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Cruz, G. V. (2014). The effect of sex knowledge, parent–child attachment, and family characteristics on intimate relationship satisfaction of Mozambican students. Sexuality and Culture, 18, 1–15.Google Scholar
de la Iglesia, G., Hoffmann, A. F., & Liporace, M. F. (2014). Perceived parenting and social support: Can they predict academic achievement in Argentinean college students?. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 7, 251–259.Google Scholar
Demir, M. (2010). Close relationships and happiness among emerging adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11, 293–313.Google Scholar
Desjardins, T. & Leadbeater, B. J. (2017). Changes in parental emotional support and psychological control in early adulthood: Direct and indirect associations with educational and occupational adjustment. Emerging Adulthood, 5, 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696816666974Google Scholar
Dickson, D. J., & Shulman, S. (2016). Directions of effects between self-criticism and parental support on adaptive goal pursuit among emerging adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 327–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eggebeen, D. J. (1992). Family structure and intergenerational exchanges. Research on Aging, 14, 427–447.Google Scholar
Filus, A., & Roszak, J. (2014). Relationships between parental power, prestige, and acceptance, and the psychological adjustment of young adults in Poland. Cross-Cultural Research, 48, 286–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fingerman, K. L., Cheng, Y. P., Wesselmann, E. D., Zarit, S., Furstenberg, F., & Birditt, K. S. (2012). Helicopter parents and landing pad kids: Intense parental support of grown children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74, 880–896. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00987.xGoogle Scholar
Gennetian, L. A., Duncan, G., Knox, V., Vargas, W., Clark-Kauffman, E., & London, A. S. (2004). How welfare policies affect adolescents’ school outcomes: A synthesis of evidence from experimental studies. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 14, 399–423.Google Scholar
Halgunseth, L., Ispa,, J., & Rudy, D. (2006). Parental Control in Latino Families: An Integrated Review of the Literature. Child Development, 77, 1282–1297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00934.xGoogle Scholar
Jorgensen, N. A., Nelson, L. J., & Duan, X. (2017). Perceived parenting practices and adjustment: Moderation by cultural values in Chinese emerging adults. Emerging Adulthood, 5, 371–376. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696817694800Google Scholar
Kaniušonytė, G. & Žukauskienė, R. (2018). Relationships with parents, identity styles and positive youth development during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 6, 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696817690978Google Scholar
Karre, J. K. (2015). Fathering behavior and emerging adult romantic relationship quality: Individual and constellations of behavior. Journal of Adult Development, 22, 148–158.Google Scholar
Kendrig, S. M., Mattingly, M. J., & Bianchi, S. M. (2014). Childhood poverty and the transition to adulthood. Family relations, 63, 271–286. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12061Google Scholar
Kline, G. C., Killoren, S. E., & Alfaro, E. C. (2016). Perceived parental psychological control, familism values, and Mexican American college students’ adjustment. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 22, 524–532. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000096CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwon, K., Yoo, G., & Bingham, G. (2016). Helicopter parenting in emerging adulthood: Support or barrier for Korean college students’ psychological adjustment? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0195-6Google Scholar
Laible, D. J., Carlo, G., & Roesch, S. C. (2004). Pathways to self-esteem in late adolescence: The role of parent and peer attachment, empathy, and social behaviours. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 703–716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lam, C. B., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2013). Risky sexual behaviors in emerging adults: Longitudinal changes and within-person variations. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 523–532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-9959-xGoogle Scholar
Lefkowitz, E. S., & Espinosa-Hernandez, G. (2007) Sex-related communication with mothers and close friends during the transition to university. The Journal of Sex Research, 44, 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490709336789CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leondari, A. & Kiosseoglou, G. (2002). Parental psychological control and attachment in late adolescents and young adults. Psychological Reports, 90, 1015–1030.Google Scholar
Liga, F., Coco, A. L., Musso, P. et al. (2020). Parental psychological control, autonomy support and Italian emerging adult’s psychosocial well-being: A cluster analytic approach. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17, 37–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2018.1532887Google Scholar
Litt, D. M., Garcia, T. A., Lowery, A. et al. (2020). Examining the associations between alcohol-related parental communication, alcohol use, and protective behavioral strategy use among young adults. Addictive Behaviors, 107. 106398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106398Google Scholar
López Turley, R. N. & Desmond, M. (2011). Contributions to college costs by married, divorced, and remarried parents. Journal of Family Issues, 32, 767–790. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X10388013Google Scholar
Love, H., May, R. W., Cui, M., & Fincham, F. D. (2020). Helicopter parenting, self-control, and school burnout among emerging adults. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 327–337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826–019-01560-zGoogle Scholar
Luebbe, A. M., Mancini, K. J., Kiel, E. J., Spangler, B. R., Semlak, J. L., & Fussner, L. M. (2018). Dimensionality of helicopter parenting and relations to emotional, decision-making, and academic functioning in emerging adults. Assessment, 25, 841–857. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116665907CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luk, J. W., Patock-Peckham, J. A., & King, K. M. (2015). Are dimensions of parenting differentially linked to substance use across Caucasian and Asian American college students? Substance Use and Misuse, 50, 1360–1369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luyckx, K., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Goossens, L., & Berzonsky, M. D. (2007). Parental psychological control and dimensions of identity formation in emerging adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 546–550.Google Scholar
Manzeske, D. P. & Stright, A. D. (2009). Parenting styles and emotion regulation: The role of behavioral and psychological control during young adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 16, 223–229.Google Scholar
McGinley, M. (2018). Can hovering hinder helping? Examining the joint effects of helicopter parenting and attachment on prosocial behaviors and empathy in emerging adults. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development, 179, 102–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2018.1438985Google Scholar
McKinney, C., & Franz, A. O. (2019). Latent profiles of perceived parental psychopathology: Associations with emerging adult psychological problems. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 50, 411–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578–018-0851-3Google Scholar
McKinney, C., Morse, M., & Pastuszak, J. (2016). Effective and ineffective parenting: Associations with psychological adjustment in emerging adults. Journal of Family Issues, 37, 1203–1225.Google Scholar
Moilanen, K. L., & Manuel, M. L. (2017). Parenting, self-regulation and social competence with peers and romantic partners. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 49, 46–54.Google Scholar
Mounts, N. S. (2004). Contributions of parenting and campus climate to freshmen adjustment in a multiethnic sample. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19, 468–491.Google Scholar
Nelson, L. J. (2020, online first). The Theory of Emerging Adulthood twenty years later: A look at where it has taken us, what we know now, and where we need to go. Emerging Adulthood. https://doi.org:10.1177/2167696820950884Google Scholar
Nelson, L. J. & Luster, S. S. (2015). “Adulthood” by whose definition? The complexity of emerging adults’ conceptions of adulthood. In Arnett, J. J (Ed.), Handbook of Emerging Adulthood (pp. 421–437. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nelson, L. J., Duan, X.X., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Luster, S. S. (2013). Facing adulthood: Comparing the criteria that Chinese emerging adults and their parents have for adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Research, 28, 189–208.Google Scholar
Nelson, L. J. & Padilla-Walker, L. M. (2013). Flourishing and floundering in emerging adult college students. Emerging Adulthood, 1, 67–78. https://doi:10.1177/2167696812470938Google Scholar
Nelson, L. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., Carroll, J. S., Madsen, S., Barry, C. M., & Badger, S. (2007). “If you want me to treat you like an adult, start acting like one!” Comparing the criteria that emerging adults and their parents have for adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 665–674.Google Scholar
Nelson, L. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., Christensen, K. J., Evans, C. A., & Carroll, J. S. (2011). Parenting in emerging adulthood: An examination of parenting clusters and correlates. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 730–743.Google Scholar
Nelson, L. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & McLean, R. D. (2021). Longitudinal Predictors of Helicopter Parenting in Emerging Adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 9, 240–251. doi.org/10.1177/2167696820931980Google Scholar
Nelson, L. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nielson, M. G. (2015). Is hovering smothering or loving? An examination of parental warmth as a moderator of relations between helicopter parenting and emerging adults’ indices of adjustment. Emerging Adulthood, 3, 282–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696815576458Google Scholar
Odenweller, K. G., Booth-Butterfield, M., & Weber, K. (2014). Investigating helicopter parenting, family environments, and relational outcomes for millennials. Communication Studies, 65, 407–425.Google Scholar
OECD (2019). Marriage and divorce rates. www.oecd.org/els/family/SF_3_1_Marriage_and_divorce_rates.pdfGoogle Scholar
Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nelson, L. J. (2012). Black hawk down? Establishing helicopter parenting as a distinct construct from other forms of parental control during emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1177–1190.Google Scholar
Padilla-Walker, L. M. & Nelson, L. J., L. J. (2017), Flourishing in emerging adulthood: Positive development during the third decade of life. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Nelson, L. J., Fu, X., & Barry, C. M. (2018). Bidirectional relations between parenting and prosocial behavior for Asian and European-American emerging adults. Journal of Adult Development, 25, 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804–017-9272-yGoogle Scholar
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Nelson, L. J., & Carroll, J. S. (2012). Affording emerging adulthood: Parental financial assistance of their college-aged children. Journal of Adult Development, 19, 50–58.Google Scholar
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Son, D., & Nelson, L. J. (2019). Profiles of helicopter parenting, parental warmth, and psychological control during emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood. https://doi.org/2167696818823626Google Scholar
Park, M. J., Scott, J. T., Adams, S. H., Brindis, C. D., & Irwin, C. E., Jr. (2014). Adolescent and young adult health in the United States in the past decade: Little improvement and young adults remain worse off than adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55, 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.04.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patock-Peckham, J. A., King, K. M., Morgan-Lopez, A. A., Ulloa, E. C., & Filson Moses, J. M. (2011). Gender-specific mediational links between parenting styles, parental monitoring, impulsiveness, drinking control, and alcohol-related problems. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 72, 247–258.Google Scholar
Pollard, M. W., & McKinney, C. (2019). Parental physical force and alcohol use in emerging adults: Mediation by psychological problems. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34, 2087–2109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516659654Google Scholar
Ratelle, C. F., Simard, K., & Guay, F. (2013). University students’ subjective well-being: The role of autonomy support from parents, friends, and the romantic partner. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14, 893–910.Google Scholar
Reed, K., Duncan, J. M., Lucier-Greer, M., Fixelle, C., & Ferraro, A. J. (2016). Helicopter parenting and emerging adult self-efficacy: Implications for mental and physical health. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 3136–3149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826–016-0466-xGoogle Scholar
Reitman, D., & Asseff, J. (2010). Parenting practices and their relation to anxiety in young adulthood. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 565–572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riggio, H. R., Galaz, B., Garcia, A. L., & Matthies, B. K. (2014). Contraceptive attitudes and sexual self-esteem among young adults: Communication and quality of relationships with mothers. International Journal of Sexual Health, 26, 268–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rousseau, S., & Scharf, M. (2015). “I will guide you” The indirect link between overparenting and young adults’ adjustment. Psychiatry Research, 228, 826–834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.016Google Scholar
Sabogal, F., Marín, G., Otero-Sabogal, R., Marín, B. V., & Perez-Stable, E. J. (1987). Hispanic familism and acculturation: What changes and what doesn’t? Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9, 397–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/07399863870094003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sartori, F. (2007). La vita con la familglia d’origine [Life with the family of origin]. In Buzzi, C., Cavalli, A., & de Lillo, A. (Eds.), Rapporto giovani (pp. 113–136). il Mulino.Google Scholar
Schiffrin, H. H., Erchull, M. J., Sendrick, E., Yost, J. C., Power, V., & Saldanha, E. R. (2019). The effects of maternal and paternal helicopter parenting on the self-determination and well-being of emerging adults. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 3346–3359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826–019-01513-6Google Scholar
Schnyders, C. M. & Lane, J. A. (2018). Gender, parent and peer relationships, and identification with emerging adulthood among college students. Journal of College Counseling, 21, 239–251. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocc.12106Google Scholar
Schoeni, R. & Ross, K., (2005). Material assistance received from families during the transition to adulthood. In Settersten, R. A., Jr., Furstenberg, F. F., Jr., & Rumbaut, R. G. (Eds.), On the frontier of adulthood: Theory, research and public policy (pp. 396–416). The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., & Montgomery, N. (2013). Parent and child traits associated with overparenting. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32, 569–595. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2013.32.6.569Google Scholar
Serido, J., Lawry, C., Li, G., Conger, K. J., & Russell, S. T. (2014). The associations of financial stress and parenting support factors with alcohol behaviors during young adulthood. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 35, 339–350.Google Scholar
Shigeto, A., Grzywacz, J. G., & Cui, M. (2019). Parental control for Latinas and non-Latinas: Implications for emerging adult mental health. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 1071–1083. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826–019-01345-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shim, S., Barber, B. L., Card, N. A., Xiao, J. J., & Serido, J. (2010). Financial socialization of first-year college students: The roles of parents, work, and education. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 39, 1457–1470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964–009-9432-xGoogle Scholar
Siennick, S. E. (2016). Parental incarceration and intergenerational transfers to young adults. Journal of Family Issues, 37, 1433–1457. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X14550366Google Scholar
Simons, L. G., Burt, C. H., & Tambling, R. B. (2013). Identifying mediators of the influence of family factors on risky sexual behavior. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22, 460–470.Google Scholar
Smojver-Ažić, S., Dorčić, T. M., & Juretić, J. (2015). Contribution of parental attachment and involvement to the academic, emotional and social adjustment to college: A three-year longitudinal study. Psihološka obzorja: Horizons of Psychology, 24, 21–32.Google Scholar
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Beyers, W. (2019). Parenting adolescents. In Bornstein, M. (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (3rd ed.), Vol. 1: Children and parenting (pp. 101–167). Routledge.Google Scholar
Srinivas, V. (2019) Explaining the increase in young adults living with parents. Journal of Economic Issues, 53, 1017–1028. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2019.1664237Google Scholar
Steele, E. H., & McKinney, C. (2019). Emerging adult psychological problems and parenting style: Moderation by parent–child relationship quality. Personality and Individual Differences, 146, 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.04.048Google Scholar
Stein, G. L., Cupito, A., Mendez, J. L., Prandoni, J., Huq, N., & Westerberg, D. (2014). Familism through a developmental lens. Journal of Latina/o Psychology, 2, 224–250.Google Scholar
Steinberg, L. (2008). A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking, Developmental Review, 28, 78–106.Google Scholar
Steinberg, L. (2014). Age of opportunity: Lessons from the new science of adolescence. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Google Scholar
Szkody, E. & McKinney, C. (2020). Parental depression and emerging adult psychological problems: Indirect effects by parents’ social support and emerging adult engagement coping. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 42, 209–218.Google Scholar
Taber-Thomas, B., & Perez-Edgar, K. (2016). Emerging adulthood brain development. In Arnett, J. J (Ed.), Handbook of Emerging Adulthood (pp. 126–141. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tanner, J. L. (2006). Recentering during emerging adulthood: A critical turning point in life span human development. In Arnett, J. J. and Tanner, J. L. (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century. American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
López Turley, R. N., & Desmond, M. (2011). Contributions to college costs by married, divorced, and remarried parents. Journal of Family Issues, 32, 767–790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Urry, S. A., Nelson, L. J., & Padilla-Walker, L. M. (2011). Mother knows best: Psychological control, child disclosure, and maternal knowledge in emerging adulthood. Journal of Family Studies, 17, 157–173.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Justice (2019). Criminal Victimization: 2018. www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv18.pdfGoogle Scholar
Vespa, J. (2017). “The Changing Economics and Demographics of Young Adulthood: 1975–2016,” Current Population Reports, P20–579, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Willoughby, B. J., Hersh, J. N., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nelson, L. J. (2015). “Back off”!: Helicopter parenting and a retreat from marriage among emerging adults. Journal of Family Issues, 36, 669–692.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2016). Top 10 causes of death. www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/causes_death/top_10/en/Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×