Raising substantial criticism of rational choice theories in economics is not only a phenomenon among early bachelor’s students like I was at some point; it is not confined to the classroom. During the second half of the twentieth century, substantial attacks have been raised from various sides against the way in which economists conceptualize human behavior. We learn about some of the main critical positions through the conversations in this book. At the same time, applying rational choice theories extensively even beyond the social and behavioral sciences reveals the strong conviction among social scientists that those theories are capable of solving a variety of conceptual, methodological, and epistemic problems. The conversations in this book present some of the arguments by which this commitment has been justified by economists. They furthermore highlight different ways in which rational choice theories have been put to use for the different problems arising in economics. They reveal how theory choice is often the result of weighing the discipline’s commitment to specific epistemic ambitions in light of a particular image of science on the one hand with attempts to properly but also pragmatically cope with the messiness and complexity of the social world on the other hand. Given that economics is a policy science, these consideration of putting economic theory to use is furthermore shaped by the urgency with which solutions are sought to ground policy.