Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Structure of ice
- 3 Microstructure of natural ice features
- 4 Physical properties: elasticity, friction and diffusivity
- 5 Plastic deformation of the ice single crystal
- 6 Ductile behavior of polycrystalline ice: experimental data and physical processes
- 7 Modeling the ductile behavior of isotropic and anisotropic polycrystalline ice
- 8 Rheology of high-pressure and planetary ices
- 9 Fracture toughness of ice
- 10 Brittle failure of ice under tension
- 11 Brittle compressive failure of unconfined ice
- 12 Brittle compressive failure of confined ice
- 13 Ductile-to-brittle transition under compression
- 14 Indentation fracture and ice forces on structures
- 15 Fracture of the ice cover on the Arctic Ocean
- Index
- References
2 - Structure of ice
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 February 2010
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Structure of ice
- 3 Microstructure of natural ice features
- 4 Physical properties: elasticity, friction and diffusivity
- 5 Plastic deformation of the ice single crystal
- 6 Ductile behavior of polycrystalline ice: experimental data and physical processes
- 7 Modeling the ductile behavior of isotropic and anisotropic polycrystalline ice
- 8 Rheology of high-pressure and planetary ices
- 9 Fracture toughness of ice
- 10 Brittle failure of ice under tension
- 11 Brittle compressive failure of unconfined ice
- 12 Brittle compressive failure of confined ice
- 13 Ductile-to-brittle transition under compression
- 14 Indentation fracture and ice forces on structures
- 15 Fracture of the ice cover on the Arctic Ocean
- Index
- References
Summary
Introduction
There are 12 crystalline forms of ice. At ordinary pressures the stable phase is termed ice I, terminology that followed Tammann's (1900) discovery of high-pressure phases. There are two closely related low-pressure variants: hexagonal ice, denoted Ih, and cubic ice, Ic. Ice Ih is termed ordinary ice whose hexagonal crystal symmetry is reflected in the shape of snow-flakes. Ice Ic is made by depositing water vapor at temperatures lower than about −130 ℃. High-pressure ices are of little interest in relation to geophysical processes on Earth, but constitute the primary materials from which many extra-terrestrial bodies are made. We describe their structure and creep properties in Chapter 8.
In addition to the 12 crystalline forms, there are two amorphous forms. One is termed low-density ice (940 kg m−3 at −196 ℃ at 1 atmosphere) and the other, high-density ice (1170 kg m−3, same conditions). The density of ice Ih is 933 kg m−3 at the same temperature and pressure (Hobbs, 1974). Amorphous ices can be made at low temperatures in five ways (see review by Mishima and Stanley, 1998): by condensing vapor below −160 ℃; by quenching liquid; by compressing ice Ih at −196 ℃; by electron irradiation; and through transformation upon warming from one amorphous state to another. Although once thought to be a nanocrystalline material, amorphous ice is now considered to be truly glassy water. Its mechanical behavior remains to be explored.
In this chapter we address the structure of ice Ih.
Information
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Creep and Fracture of Ice , pp. 5 - 29Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2009
References
and (1988). Dislocation-motion in ice – a study by synchrotron x-ray topography. Phil. Mag. A, 57, 749–766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1992). Dislocation multiplication mechanisms in ice. In Physics and Chemistry of Ice, eds. and . Sapporo: Hokkaido University Press, pp. 492–496.Google Scholar
(1989). Materials selection in conceptual design. Mater. Sci. Technol., 5(6), 517–525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1964). Density of ice as a function of temperature and stress. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (USA CRREL), Special Report, 64.
and (2003). SEM/EDS observations of impurities in polar ice: Artifacts or not? J. Glaciol., 49, 184–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2003). The microstructural location of impurities in ice. Can. J. Phys., 81, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1995). A model for the anelastic straining of saline ice subjected to cyclic loading. Phil. Mag. A, 72, 231–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1995). The premelting of ice and its environmental consequences. Rep. Prog. Phys., 58, 115–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1998). Dynamic recrystallization and texture development in ice as revealed by the study of deep ice cores in Antarctica and Greenland. J. Geophys. Res., 103 (B3), 5091–5105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2000). Measuring the thickness of the liquid-like layer on ice surfaces with atomic force microscopy. Langmuir, 16, 6709–6714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1964). Dislocations. Addison-Wesley Series in Metallurgy and Materials. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
and (1988). Generation, multiplication and motion of dislocations in ice crystals. In Lattice Defects in Ice Crystals, ed. . Sapporo: Hokkaido University Press.Google Scholar
, and (1987). Dislocation mechanisms of plastic deformation of ice. J. Physique, 38, 163–173.Google Scholar
and (1997). Anisotropic surface melting of an ice crystal and its relationship to growth forms. J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, 6167–6170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1988). Pressure dependence of the elastic constants of ice Ih to 2.8 kbar by Brillouin spectroscopy. J. Chem. Phys., 89, 4522–4528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1968). The effect of hydrogen disorder on dislocation movement and plastic deformation in ice. Phys. Kondens. Mater., 7, 43–51.Google Scholar
(1997). Statistical characteristics for the type and length of deformation-induced cracks in columnar-grain ice. J. Glaciol., 43, 311–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999). Statistical characteristics for the strain-dependent density and the spatial postion for deformation-induced cracks in columnar-grain ice. J. Glaciol., 45, 264–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1986). Determination of diffusion coefficients of self-interstitials in ice with a new method of observing climb of dislocations by X-ray topography. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 25, 351–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1997). Effect of ammonium on anion uptake and dielectric relaxation in laboratory-grown ice columns. J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, 6282–6284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1977). Grain-boundary groove measurement of surface-tension between ice and water. Phil. Mag., 35, 471–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1978). Structure and behaviour of grain boundaries in polycrystalline ice. J. Glaciol., 21, 589–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Ed. (1988). Lattice Defects in Ice Crystals. Sapporo: Hokkaido University Press.
, , , and (1985). Dynamical dislocation processes in ice crystal. In Dislocations in Solids. Tokyo: Yamada Science Foundation, University of Tokyo Press, pp. 511–515.Google Scholar
(2000). Nature and behavior of dislocations in ice. In Physics of Ice Core Records, ed. . Sapporo: Hokkaido University Press, pp. 3–24.Google Scholar
, and (1981). Formation of stacking-faults in pure ice single-crystals by cooling. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 20, L737–L740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1990). Dislocation mobility for nonbasal glide in ice measured by in situ X-ray topography. Phil. Mag. A, 62, 89–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1984). Introduction to Dislocations. International Series on Materials Science and Technology, 3rd edn. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
and (1996). Recrystallization and Related Annealing Phenomena. Oxford: Pergamon, Elsevier Science Ltd.Google Scholar
, and (2003). The effects of sulfuric acid on the creep, recrystallization, and electrical properties of ice. Can. J. Phys., 81, 395–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1973). X-ray topographical study of dislocations in pure and HF-doped ice. Phil. Mag., 27, 457–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1969). An experimental determination of the surface energies of ice. Phil. Mag., 19, 1161–1173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1967). Surface features observed during thermal etching of ice. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 25, 255–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1995). Thermally induced dislocation loops in polycrystalline ice. Phil. Mag. A, 71, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1993). Dynamic observations of dislocation generation at grain boundaries in ice. Phil. Mag. A, 67, 1261–1276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1995). Dislocation-grain boundary interactions in ice crystals. Phil. Mag. A, 71, 15–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1998). The relationship between liquid, supercooled and glassy water. Nature, 396, 329–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2003). Strain gradients and geometrically necessary dislocations in deformed ice single crystals. Scripta Mater., 49, 411–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1961). Electron microscope study of etched ice surface. J. Electron. Microsc., 10, 246–250.Google Scholar
and (1995). Grain-boundary sliding and across-column cracking in columnar ice. Phil. Mag. Lett., 72, 93–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1992). Water veins and lenses in polycrystalline ice. In Physics and Chemistry of Ice, eds. and . Sapporo: Hokkaido University Press, pp. 200–205.Google Scholar
(1988). Dislocations in artifically grown single crystals. In Lattice Defects in Ice Crystals, ed. . Sapporo: Hokkaido University Press, pp. 27–47.Google Scholar
, and (1988). Interactions between dislocations and point defects in ice crystals. In Lattice Defects in Ice Crystals, ed. . Sapporo: Hokkaido University Press, pp. 97–128.Google Scholar
(1935). The structure and entropy of ice and of other crystals with some randomness of atomic arrangement. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 57, 2680–2684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1979). Study on grain-boundaries in 1H ice using internal-friction values. Phys. Stat. Sol. A, 52, 321–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1995a). Crack nucleation in columnar ice due to elastic anistropy and grain boundary sliding. Acta. Metall. Mater., 43, 3783–3789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1995b). Observations of crack nucleation in columnar ice due to grain boundary sliding. Acta. Metall. Mater., 43, 3791–3797.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1994). Lattice constants and thermal expansion of H2O and D2O ice Ih between 10 and 265 K. Acta Crystallogr. B, 50, 644–648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and , Eds. (1998). Solar System Ices: Based on Reviews Presented at the International Symposium “Solar System Ices” held in Toulouse, France on March 27–30, 1995. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.CrossRef
and (1989). X-ray topographic observations of edge dislocation glide on non-basal planes in ice. J. Glaciol., 35, 281–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1978). Observation of basal dislocations in ice by etching and replicating. J. Glaciol., 21, 385–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1987). 7th Symposium on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice, 1–5 September 1987 Grenoble (France). J. Physique, 48, R3–R4.Google Scholar
, et al. (2007). Effects of size on the dynamics of dislocations in ice single crystals. Phys. Rev.. Lett., 99, 155507-1–155507-4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1988). Surface melting. In Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surface VII, eds., and . Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
, , , and (1992). Surface tension parameters of ice obtained from contact angle data and from positive and negative particle adhesion to advancing freezing fronts. J. Adhesion Sci. Technol., 6, 503–516.Google Scholar
and (2000). Grain boundary sliding and crack nucleation in ice. Phil. Mag., 80, 279–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1980). The influence of the choice of glide plane on the theory of the velocity of dislocations in ice. Phil. Mag. A, 41, 521–528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Accessibility standard: Unknown
Why this information is here
This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.Accessibility Information
Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown
and may be updated in the future.
- 1
- Cited by