Human rights in armed conflict

Gerd Oberleitner

doi:10.1017/CBO9781316103869.008

4 - Human rights in armed conflict

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 March 2015

Gerd Oberleitner

Show author details

Gerd Oberleitner: Affiliation:
Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Austria

Book contents

Get access

Summary

Geneva, New York, Tehran: World Conference of Human Rights 1968

In the years following the adoption of the Geneva Convention and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the “tacit acceptance” of two separate legal regimes persisted. The one notable exception to the United Nations’ lack of interest in the laws of war was the concern which the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) showed for the protection of cultural values in armed conflicts in the 1954 Hague Convention on Cultural Property and its two Protocols. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) also remained sceptical of human rights for various reasons. First, the organization’s approach to any law, including international humanitarian law, was a pragmatic one: it sought to provide relief rather than pursue justice. The ICRC was concerned that human rights would not deliver what they promised, and the lack of binding treaty obligations on human rights on the universal level until the two UN Covenants (on civil and political rights and on social, economic and cultural rights) entered into force in 1976, together with the absence of any meaningful monitoring mechanism led the organization to question the potential of human rights. The ICRC thought of the growing human rights movement as a somewhat utopian project, striving for the perfect world but achieving nothing. In comparison, it considered international humanitarian law as capable of protecting concrete persons in real life.

Information

Type: Chapter
Information: Human Rights in Armed Conflict
Law, Practice, Policy
, pp. 52 - 80

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316103869.008 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Garraway, Charles H. B., “Occupation Responsibilities and Constraints” in Hensel, Howard M. (ed.), The Legitimate Use of Force: The Just War Tradition and the Customary Law of Armed Conflict (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008), p. 268Google Scholar

Forsythe, David, The Humanitarians: The International Committee of the Red Cross (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 244CrossRef Google Scholar

Forsythe, David P., “Human Rights and Internal Conflicts: Trends and Recent Developments” (1982) 12 California Western International Law Journal299Google Scholar

Forsythe, David P., “Choices More Ethical than Legal: The International Committee of the Red Cross and Human Rights” (1993) 7(1) Ethics and International Affairs134CrossRef Google Scholar

Best, Geoffrey, War and Law Since 1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), p. 412Google Scholar

Dugard, John, “Bridging the Gap between Human Rights and Humanitarian Law” (1998) 38(324) International Review of the Red Cross445CrossRef Google Scholar

Hewitt, W. E., “Respect for Human Rights in Armed Conflicts” (1971) 4 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics43Google Scholar

Cerna, Christina, “Human Rights in Armed Conflict: Implementation of International Humanitarian Law Norms by Regional Intergovernmental Human Rights Bodies” in Kalshoven, Frits and Sandoz, Yves (eds.), Implementation of International Humanitarian Law (Dordrecht: Nijhoff, 1989), pp. 39–40Google Scholar

Suter, Keith D., “An Enquiry into the Meaning of the Phrase ‘Human Rights in Armed Conflict’” (1976) 15(3–4) Revue de droit pénal militaire et de droit de la guerre397Google Scholar

Draper, G. I.A. D., “Humanitarianism in the Modern Law of Armed Conflict” in Meyer, Michael A. (ed.), Armed Conflict and the New Law, vol. I, Aspects of the 1977 Geneva Protocols and the 1981 Weapons Convention (London: British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 1989), p. 4Google Scholar

Partsch, Karl-Josef, “Human Rights and Humanitarian Law” in Bernhardt, Rudolf (ed.), Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1995), p. 910Google Scholar

Robertson, Arthur Henry, “Humanitarian Law and Human Rights” in Swinarski, Christophe (ed.), Studies and Essays on International Humanitarian Law and Red Cross Principles in Honour of Jean Pictet (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1984), p. 796Google Scholar

Bothe, Michael, “Die Anwendung der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention in bewaffneten Konflikten – eine Überforderung?” (2005) 65 Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht621Google Scholar

Gasser, Hans-Peter, “International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law in Non-International Armed Conflict: Joint Venture or Mutual Exclusion?” (2002) 45 German Yearbook of International Law154Google Scholar

Schmahl, Stefanie, “Der Menschenrechtsschutz in Friedenszeiten im Vergleich zum Menschenrechtsschutz im Krieg” in Hasse, Jana, Müller, Erwin and Schneider, Patricia (eds.), Humanitäres Völkerrecht: politische, rechtliche und strafgerichtliche Dimensionen (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2001), p. 71Google Scholar

Provost, René, International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 3–4CrossRef Google Scholar

Kalshoven, Frits and Zegveld, Liesbeth, Constraints on the Waging of War: An Introduction to International Humanitarian Law (4th edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 25CrossRef Google Scholar

Report of the Secretary General on Respect for Human Rights in Armed Conflict, UN Doc. A/7720 (20 November 1969)

Report of the Secretary-General on Respect for Human Rights in Armed Conflicts, UN Doc. A/8052 (18 September 1970)

Droege, Cordula, “The Interplay between International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law in Situations of Armed Conflict” (2007) 40(2) Israel Law Review315CrossRef Google Scholar

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, International Legal Protection of Human Rights in Armed Conflict (New York and Geneva: United Nations, 2011)Google Scholar

Schindler, Dietrich, “Das humanitäre Kriegsrecht im Rahmen der internationalen Garantie der Menschenrechte” in Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen (ed.), Internationales Kolloquium über Menschenrechte (Berlin: Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen, 1968), pp. 40–54Google Scholar

MacBride, Sean, “Human Rights in Armed Conflicts: The Inter-Relationship between the Humanitarian Laws and the Law of Human Rights” (1970) 9(2) Review of Penal Military Law and the Law of Armed Conflict373Google Scholar

Robertson, Arthur Henry, “Human Rights as the Basis of International Humanitarian Law” in Institute of International Humanitarian Law (ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Humanitarian Law (Sanremo: Institute of International Humanitarian Law, 1970), pp. 55–76Google Scholar

Blischchenko, Igor P., “Armed Conflict and Protection of Human Rights” (1971) 18 Review of Contemporary Law23Google Scholar

Draper, G. I.A. D., “The Relationship between the Human Rights Regime and the Law of Armed Conflict” (1971) 1 Israel Yearbook of Human Rights191Google Scholar

von Glahn, Gerhard, “The Protection of Human Rights in Time of Armed Conflict” (1971) 1 Israel Yearbook of Human Rights208Google Scholar

Draper, G. I.A. D., “Human Rights and the Law of War” (1972) 12 Virginia Journal of International Law326Google Scholar

Meyrowitz, Henri, “Le droit de la guerre et les droits de l’homme” (1972) 88 Revue de droit militaire et de droit de la guerre1059Google Scholar

Aldrich, George H., “Human Rights and Armed Conflict: Conflicting Views” (1973) 67 American Journal of International Law Proceedings141CrossRef Google Scholar

Aldrich, George H., “Human Rights in Armed Conflict: Development of the Law” (1973) 68 Department of State Bulletin876Google Scholar

Greig, D. W., “Human Rights and Armed Conflict: Conflicting Views” (1973) Proceedings of the American Society of International Law141Google Scholar

de la Pradelle, Geouffre, “Human Rights and Armed Conflicts: On the 500th Anniversary of the Birth of Las Casas (1474–1874-1974)” (1977) 17(199) International Review of the Red Cross402CrossRef Google Scholar

Dinstein, Yoram, “The International Law of Inter-State Wars and Human Rights” (1977) 7 Israel Yearbook of Human Rights139Google Scholar

Baxter, R. R., “Human Rights in War” (1977) 31(4) Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences4CrossRef Google Scholar

Draper, G. I.A. D., “Humanitarian Law and Human Rights” (1979) Acta Juridica193Google Scholar

Draper, G. I.A. D., “Humanitarian Law and Human Rights” in Forsythe, C. F. and Schiller, J. E. (eds.), Human Rights: The Cape Town Conference (Cape Town: Juta, 1979), pp. 193–206Google Scholar

Ignatieff, Michael, The Warrior’s Honor: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience (New York: Henry Hold, 1998), p. 121Google Scholar

Sommaruga, Cornelio, “Humanitarian Law and Human Rights in the Legal Arsenal of the ICRC” in Warner, Daniel (ed.), Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: The Quest for Universality (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1997), p. 128Google Scholar

Bugnion, François, “International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement” in Forsythe, David P., Encyclopedia of Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 177Google Scholar

Schindler, Dietrich, “International Humanitarian Law: Its Remarkable Development and Its Persistent Violation” (2003) 5(2) Journal of the History of International Law169CrossRef Google Scholar

Thürer, Daniel, International Humanitarian Law: Theory, Practice, Context (The Hague: Hague Academy of International Law, 2011), p. 154CrossRef Google Scholar

Kosirnik, René, “The 1977 Protocols: A Landmark in the Development of International Humanitarian Law” in Sanajaoba, Naorem (ed.), A Manual of International Humanitarian Laws (New Delhi: Regency, 2004), p. 75Google Scholar

Aldrich, George H., “Some Reflections on the Origins of the 1977 Geneva Protocols” in Swinarski, Christophe (ed.), Studies and Essays on International Humanitarian Law and Red Cross Principles in Honour of Jean Pictet (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1984), p. 130Google Scholar

Doswald-Beck, Louise and Vité, Sylvain, “International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law” (1993) 33(293) International Review of the Red Cross113CrossRef Google Scholar

Bothe, Michael, Partsch, Karl-Josef and Solf, Waldemar A., New Rules for Victims of Armed Conflicts: Commentary on the Two 1977 Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1982), p. 619Google Scholar

Sandoz, Yves, Swinarski, Christophe and Zimmermann, Bruno (eds.), Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 (Geneva: Nijhoff, 1987), para. 4430

Rwelamira, Medard R., “Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law: The Link or Common Ground Revisited” (1992) 3(3) Stellenbosch Law Review339Google Scholar

Meron, Theodor, “Contemporary Conflicts and Minimum Humanitarian Standards” in Wellens, Karel (ed.), International Law: Theory and Practice. Essays in Honour of Eric Suy (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1998), p. 624Google Scholar

Kälin, Walter and Künzli, Jörg, The Law of International Human Rights Protection (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 145Google Scholar

Meron, Theodor, “On the Inadequate Reach of Humanitarian and Human Rights Law and the Need for a New Instrument” (1983) 77(3) American Journal of International Law604Google Scholar

Hadden, Tom and Harvey, Colin, “The Law of Internal Crisis and Conflict: An Outline Prospectus for the Merger of International Human Rights Law, the Law of Armed Conflict, Refugee Law, and the Law on Humanitarian Intervention” (1999) 81(833) International Review of the Red Cross121Google Scholar

Meron, Theodor, “Towards a Humanitarian Declaration on Internal Strife” (1984) 78(4) American Journal of International Law859CrossRef Google Scholar

Meron, Theodor, “Draft Model Declaration on Internal Strife” (1988) 28(262) International Review of the Red Cross59CrossRef Google Scholar

International Commission of Jurists, States of Emergency: Their Impact on Human Rights (Geneva: International Commission of Jurists, 1983)Google Scholar

International Law Association, “The Paris Minimum Standards of Human Rights Norms in a State of Emergency”, reprinted in (1985) 79(4) American Journal of International Law1072CrossRef Google Scholar

Abi-Saab, Rosemary, El Kouhene, M. and Vivi, Z. (eds.), Modern Wars: The Humanitarian Challenge, Report for the Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues (London: ZED Books, 1986), pp. 180–81

Gasser, Hans-Peter, “A Measure of Humanity in Internal Disturbances and Tensions: Proposal for a Code of Conduct” (1988) 28(262) International Review of the Red Cross38CrossRef Google Scholar

Reimann, Heinrich B., “Menschenrechtsstandards in bewaffneten Konflikten” in Swinarski, Christophe (ed.), Studies and Essays on International Humanitarian Law and Red Cross Principles in Honour of Jean Pictet (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1984), p. 776Google Scholar

Analytical Report of the UN Secretary-General to the UN Human Rights Commission on Minimum Humanitarian Standards, UN Doc. C/E.4/1998/87 (7 January 1998), para. 6

Declaration of Minimum Humanitarian Standards, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/55, reprinted in (1991) 31(282) International Review of the Red Cross330CrossRef

Gasser, Hans-Peter, “Internal Disturbances and Tensions: New Draft Declaration of Minimum Humanitarian Standards” (1991) 31(282) International Review of the Red Cross328CrossRef Google Scholar

Rosas, Allan, “Human Rights at Risk in Situations of Internal Violence and Public Emergency” in Eide, Asbjorn and Helgesen, Jan (eds.), The Future of Human Rights Protection in a Changing World: Fifty Years since the Four Freedoms Address, Essays in Honour of Torkel Opsahl (Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1991), p. 167Google Scholar

Eide, Asbjorn, Meron, Theodor and Rosas, Allan, “Combating Lawlessness in Gray Zone Conflicts Through Minimum Humanitarian Standards” (1995) 89(1) American Journal of International Law216CrossRef Google Scholar

Meron, Theodor and Rosas, Allan, “A Declaration of Minimum Humanitarian Standards” (1991) 85(2) American Journal of International Law375CrossRef Google Scholar

Odello, Marco, “Fundamental Standards of Humanity: A Common Language of International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law” in Arnold, Roberta and Quénivet, Noelle (eds.), International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law: Towards a Merger in International Law (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2008), p. 50Google Scholar

Report of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1997/77/Add.1 (28 January 1997), para. 47

Report of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1997/77/Add.1 (28 January 1997), para. 38

Scheinin, Martin, Turku/Abo Declaration of Minimum Humanitarian Standards (1990), International Council on Human Rights Policy Working Paper (2006), available at (last accessed 15 April 2014)

Analytical Report of the Secretary-General on Fundamental Standards of Humanity, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1998/87 and Add 1 (5 January 1998)

Analytical Report of the Secretary-General on Fundamental Standards of Humanity, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1999/92 (18 December 1999)

Svensson-McCarthy, Anna-Lena, “Minimum Humanitarian Standards: From Cape Town Towards the Future” (1994) 53 Review of the International Commission of Jurists27Google Scholar

Vigny, Jean-Daniel and Thompson, Cecilia, “Fundamental Standards of Humanity: What Future?” (2002) 20(2) Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights198CrossRef Google Scholar

Crawford, Emily, Road to Nowhere? The Future for the Declaration on Fundamental Standards of Humanity, Sydney Law School Legal Studies Research Paper No. 12/02 (2012), available at (last accessed 15 April 2014)

Scheinin, Martin, Fundamental Standards of Humanity, Background Paper to the International Expert Meeting, Stockholm, 22–24 February 2000, UN Doc. A/CN.4/2000/145, pp. 56–57

Detrick, Sharon, A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1999), pp. 650– 51Google Scholar

Heintze, Hans-Joachim, “Die völkerrechtliche Stellung des Kindes im bewaffneten Konflikt” (1991) 3 Journal of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict92Google Scholar

Happold, Matthew, “The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Children on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict” (2000) 3 Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law227CrossRef Google Scholar

Heintze, Hans-Joachim, “Konsequenzen der Konvergenz von Menschenrechtsschutz und humanitärem Völkerrecht” in Fischer, Horst, Froissart, Ulrike, Heinegg von Heintschel, Wolff and Raap, Christian (eds.), Krisensicherung und humanitärer Schutz / Crisis Management and Humanitarian Protection. Festschrift für Dieter Fleck (Berlin: Berliner Wissenschaftsverlag, 2004), p. 245Google Scholar

Heintze, Hans-Joachim, “Theories on the Relationship between International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law” in Kolb, Robert and Gaggioli, Gloria (eds.), Research Handbook on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2013), p. 62Google Scholar

Popovski, Vesselin, “Protection of Children in International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law” in Arnold, Roberta and Quénivet, Noelle (eds.), International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law: Towards a Merger in International Law (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2008), p. 420Google Scholar

Dennis, Michael J., “Application of Civil and Political Rights Treaties Extraterritorially during Times of Armed Conflict” (2007) 40(2) Israel Law Review501CrossRef Google Scholar

Robinson, Darryl and Oosterveld, Valerie, “The Evolution of Humanitarian Law” in McRae, Rob and Hubert, Don (eds.), Human Security and the New Diplomacy: Protecting People, Promoting Peace (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2001), pp. 164–66Google Scholar

Cançado Trindade, Antônio Augusto, International Law of Humankind: Towards a New Jus Gentium (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2010), pp. 518–20CrossRef Google Scholar

Jasica, Roman, “Internationales humanitäres Recht und Menschenrechte” (1994) 1 Journal of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict5Google Scholar

Remans, Wilfried, “The Granting of Observer Status by the General Assembly of the United Nations to the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies” in Wellens, Karel (ed.), International Law: Theory and Practice, Essays in Honour of Eric Suy (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1998), pp. 347–62Google Scholar

Ramcharan, Bertrand, The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law, Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research, Harvard University, Occasional Paper Series No. 3 (2005), p. 22

Forsythe, David P., “1949 and 1999: Making the Geneva Conventions Relevant after the Cold War” (1999) 81(834) International Review of the Red Cross272Google Scholar

Forsythe, David P., “Human Rights and the International Committee of the Red Cross” (1990) 12(2) Human Rights Quarterly288CrossRef Google Scholar

Sommaruga, Cornelio, “Respect for International Humanitarian Law: ICRC Review of Five Years of Activity (1987–1991)” (1992) 32(286) International Review of the Red Cross77CrossRef Google Scholar

Sayapin, Sergey, “The International Committee of the Red Cross and International Human Rights Law” (2009) 9(1) Human Rights Law Review98CrossRef Google Scholar

The Invocation of International Human Rights Law by the International Committee of the Red Cross, DOCT/63-2006/1 (25 August 2006)

International Committee of the Red Cross, International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts, Report to the 31st International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent (2011), p. 14

Kellenberger, Jakob, “Protection Through Complementarity of the Law” in International Institute of Humanitarian Law (ed.), International Humanitarian Law and Other Legal Regimes: Interplay in Situations of Violence. Challenges and Prospects. 27th Round Table on Current Problems of International Humanitarian Law, Sanremo, 4–6 September 2003 (Sanremo: International Institute of Humanitarian Law, 2003), p. 22Google Scholar

Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary International Humanitarian Law, vol. I, Rules and vol. II, Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005)CrossRef Google Scholar

Kälin, Walter, “The ICRC’s Compilation of the Customary Rules of Humanitarian Law” in Giegerich, Thomas (ed.), A Wiser Century? Judicial Dispute Settlement, Disarmament and the Laws of War 100 Years after the Second Hague Peace Conference (Berlin: Duncker&Humblot, 2009), pp. 419–21Google Scholar

Hampson, Françoise, “Fundamental Guarantees” in Wilmshurst, Elizabeth and Breau, Susan (eds.), Perspectives on the ICRC Study on Customary International Humanitarian Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 282Google Scholar

Krieger, Heike, “A Conflict of Norms: The Relationship between Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law in the ICRC Customary Law Study” (2006) 11(2) Journal of Conflict and Security Law278CrossRef Google Scholar

Garraway, Charles H. B., “‘To Kill or not to Kill’: Dilemmas in the Use of Force” (2010) 14(3) Journal of Conflict and Security Law504Google Scholar

Parks, W. Hays, “Part IX of the ICRC ‘Direct Participation in Hostilities’ Study: No Mandate, No Expertise, and Legally Incorrect” (2010) 42(3) New York University Journal of International Law and Politics769Google Scholar

International Committee of the Red Cross, Strengthening Legal Protection for Victims of Armed Conflict, International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (28 November–1 December 2011), ICRC Doc. 31IC/11/5.1.1 (October 2011), pp. 8–16

Bothe, Michael, “Durchsetzung der Menschenrechte und des humanitären Völkerrechts – ein Paradigmenwechsel?” in Marauhn, Thilo (ed.), Die Rechtsstellung des Menschen im Völkerrecht (Tübingen: Mohr, 2003), p. 126 (translated from German)Google Scholar

Brett, Rachel, “The Role of NGOs” in International Institute of Humanitarian Law (ed.), Strengthening Measures for the Respect and Implementation of International Humanitarian Law and Other Rules Protecting Human Dignity in Armed Conflict, 28th Round Table on Current Problems of International Humanitarian Law, Sanremo, 2–4 September 2004 (Sanremo: International Institute of Humanitarian Law, 2004), p. 40Google Scholar

Weissbrodt, David, “The Role of International Organizations in the Implementation of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Situations of Armed Conflict” (1988) 21 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law318Google Scholar

Slim, Habib, “Les moyens de mise en oeuvre du droit international humanitaire: rôle des organisations non gouvernementales” in International Institute of Humanitarian Law (ed.), Strengthening Measures for the Respect and Implementation of International Humanitarian Law and Other Rules Protecting Human Dignity in Armed Conflict, 28th Round Table on Current Problems of International Humanitarian Law, Sanremo, 2–4 September 2004 (Sanremo: International Institute of Humanitarian Law, 2004), pp. 75–80Google Scholar

Pokempner, Dinah, “Recognizing and Furthering the Role of NGOs in International Humanitarian Law” in International Institute of Humanitarian Law (ed.), Strengthening Measures for the Respect and Implementation of International Humanitarian Law and Other Rules Protecting Human Dignity in Armed Conflict, 28th Round Table on Current Problems of International Humanitarian Law, Sanremo, 2–4 September 2004 (Sanremo: International Institute of Humanitarian Law, 2004), p. 47Google Scholar

Dahl, Arne Willy, “The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Strengthening the Respect of International Humanitarian Law” in International Institute of Humanitarian Law (ed.), Strengthening Measures for the Respect and Implementation of International Humanitarian Law and Other Rules Protecting Human Dignity in Armed Conflict, 28th Round Table on Current Problems of International Humanitarian Law, Sanremo, 2–4 September 2004 (Sanremo: International Institute of Humanitarian Law, 2004), p. 53Google Scholar

Kalshoven, Frits, “Human Rights, the Law of Armed Conflicts and Reprisals” (1975) 11(121) International Review of the Red Cross183CrossRef Google Scholar

Solf, W. A., “Human Rights in Armed Conflict: Some Observations on the Relationship of Human Rights Law to the Law of Armed Conflict” in Han, Henry Hyunwook (ed.), World in Transition: Challenges to Human Rights, Development and World Order (Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1979), p. 43Google Scholar

Cerna, Christina, “The History of the Inter-American System’s Jurisprudence as Regards Situations of Armed Conflict” (2011) 2(1) Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies4CrossRef Google Scholar

Blum, Gabriella, “The Dispensable Lives of Soldiers” (2012) 2(1) Journal of Legal Analysis91Google Scholar

Prosecutor v. Anto Furundija, IT-95_17/1.T, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Judgment of 10 December 1998, para. 183

Normand, Roger and Zaidi, Sarah, Human Rights at the UN: The Political History of Universal Justice (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2008), p. 8Google Scholar

Kolb, Robert and Hyde, Richard, An Introduction to the International Law of Armed Conflict (Oxford: Hart, 2008), p. 274Google Scholar

Watkin, Kenneth, “21st Century Conflict and International Humanitarian Law: Status Quo or Change?” in Schmitt, Michael N. and Pejic, Jelena (eds.), International Law and Armed Conflict: Exploring the Faultlines (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2007), p. 296Google Scholar

Sassolì, Marco, “Use and Abuse of the Laws of War in ‘The War on Terrorism’” (2004) 22(2) Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice220Google Scholar

Schöndorf, Roy S., “Extra-State Armed Conflicts: Is there a Need for a New Legal Regime?” (2004) 37(1) New York University Journal of International Law and Politics1Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.