THE FRAMEWORK

1. Accordingly, we will not be concerned with what Johanson (1992) calls Globalkopieren but rather with one specific kind of what he calls Teilstrukturkopieren.

2. Thomason (2003: 688) uses the terms “contact-induced change” and “(linguistic) interference” interchangeably; we will use the former term roughly in the sense proposed by Thomason but avoid the latter term since it has been used in a number of different ways and therefore might give rise to misunderstandings.

3. There would be reason for rejecting terms such as “transfer” and “borrowing” since these terms suggest that the receiving language takes something away from the donor language. Johanson (1992: 175) therefore proposes the term “copying” instead.

4. Thomason and Kaufman (1988) distinguish two basic types of mechanisms of contact-induced change, which they call borrowing and shift-induced interference, with each type involving a different kind of sociolinguistic profile. As we will see below, both types may be associated with grammatical replication.

5. For a critical appraisal of this term, see Bunte and Kendall (1981).

6. On the other hand, the development from impersonal pronoun to first-person plural pronoun is well documented (see Heine & Kuteva 2002).

7. A slightly different definition was proposed by her earlier, according to which convergence is “the use of morphemes from a single linguistic variety, but with parts of their lexical structure coming from another source” (Myers-Scotton 1998: 290).

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