References

Aviezer Tucker

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511498381.010

Achinstein, Peter (1983). The nature of explanation. New York: Oxford University Press

Adamson, John (1997). England without Cromwell: What if CharlesI had avoided the Civil War? In Niall Ferguson (Ed.), Virtual history: Alternatives and counterfactuals (pp. 91–124). London: Picador

Almond, Mark (1997). 1989 without Gorbachev: What if Communism had not collapsed. In Niall Ferguson (Ed.), Virtual history: Alternatives and counterfactuals (pp. 392–415). London: Picador

Alter, Stephen G. (1999). Darwinism and the linguistic image: Language, race, and natural theology in the nineteenth century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press

Amariglio, Jack, & Norton, Bruce (1991). Marxist historians and the question of class in the French Revolution. History and Theory, 30, 37–55CrossRef Google Scholar

Ankersmit, Frank (1995). Statements, texts and pictures. In Frank Ankersmit & Hans Kellner (Eds.), A New Philosophy of History (pp. 212–240). London: Reaktion Books

Apel, Karl-Otto (1984). Understanding and explanation: A transcendental-pragmatic perspective (Georgia Warnke, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Aristotle (1996). Poetics (Malcolm Heath, Trans.). New York: Penguin

Asimov, Isaac (1966). Foundation. New York: Avon Books

Asimov, Isaac (1994). Spell my name with an S [1958]. In The complete short stories (Vol. I, pp. 397–414). London: Doubleday

Attridge, Derek; Bennington, Geoff; & Young, Robert (1987). Post-structuralism and the question of history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Ben-Menahem, Yemima (1997). Historical contingency. Ratio, 10, 99–107CrossRef Google Scholar

Bentley, Michael (1999). Modern historiography: An introduction. London: Routledge

Berlin, Isaiah (1960). History and theory: The concept of scientific history. History and Theory, 1, 1–31CrossRef Google Scholar

Berlin, Isaiah (1969). Historical inevitability. In Four essays on liberty. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 41–117

Bloch, Marc (1967). A Contribution towards a comparative history of European societies. In J. E. Anderson (Trans.), Land and work in medieval Europe: Selected papers by Marc Bloch. (pp. 44–81). New York: Harper & Row

Bopp, Franz (1845). A comparative grammar of the Sanscrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German, and Sclavonic Languages (Lieutenant Eastwick M.R.A.S Trans.). London: Madden and Malcolm

Boudin, Raymond (1988). Will sociology ever be a normal science. Theory and Society, 17, 761–5Google Scholar

Breslauer, George W. (1996). Counterfactual reasoning in Western studies of Soviet politics and foreign relations. In Philip E. Tetlock & Aaron Belkin (Eds.), Counterfactual thought experiments in world politics: Logical, methodological, and psychological perspectives (pp. 69–94). Princeton: Princeton University Press

Brockmann, Stephen (1990). The politics of German history. History and Theory, 29 (2), 179–189CrossRef Google Scholar

Brodbeck, May (1966). Methodological individualism: Definition and reduction. In William Dray (Ed.), Philosophical analysis and history (pp. 297–329). New York: Harper & Row

Bunzl, Martin (1997). Real history: Reflections on historical practice. New York: Routledge

Burke, Peter (1990). Ranke the reactionary. In Georg G. Iggers & James M. Powell (Eds.), Leopold von Ranke and the shaping of the historical discipline (pp. 36–44). Syracuse: Syracuse University Press

Burke, Peter (1991). Overture: The new history, its past and its future. In Peter Burke (Ed.), New perspectives on historical writing (pp. 1–23). Cambridge: Polity Press

Butler, Pierce (1940). Origins of printing in Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Butterfield, Herbert (1955). Man on his past: The study of the history of historical scholarship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Campbell, Keith (1997). The metaphysics of abstract particulars. In D. H. Mellor & A. Oliver (Eds.), Properties (pp. 125–139). Oxford: Oxford University Press

Carr, David (1986). Time, narrative and history. Bloomington: Indiana University Press

Carr, E. H. (1987). What is history? Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin

Carter, Thomas Francis (1955). The invention of printing in China and its spread westward (2nd ed. rev. by L. Carrington Goodrich). New York: Ronald Press

Cartwright, Nancy (1983). How the laws of physics lie. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Cartwright, Nancy (1989). Nature's capacities and their measurement. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Caws, Peter (1986). The scaffolding of psychoanalysis. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 9, 230CrossRef Google Scholar

Caws, Peter (1991). Committees and consensus: How many heads are better than oneJournal of Medicine and Philosophy, 16, 375–391CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Cebik, L. B. (1969). Colligation and the writing of history. The Monist, 53, 40–57CrossRef Google Scholar

Cederman, Lars-Erik (1996). Rerunning history: Counterfactual simulation in world politics. In Philip E. Tetlock & Aaron Belkin (Eds.), Counterfactual thought experiments in world politics: Logical, methodological, and psychological perspectives (pp. 247–67). Princeton: Princeton University Press

Chartier, Roger (1988). Cultural history: Between practices and representations (Lydia G. Cochrane, Trans.). Cambridge: Polity Press

Chatto, William Andrew (1861). A treatise on wood engraving, historical and practical. London: Chatto and Windus

Churchland, Paul (1985). Reduction, qualia, and the direct introspection of brain states. The Journal of Philosophy, 82, 8–28CrossRef Google Scholar

Churchland, Paul. M., & Churchland, Patricia S (1995). Intertheoretic reduction: A neuroscientist's field plan. In J. Cornwell (Ed.), Nature's imagination: The frontiers of scientific vision (pp. 64–77), Oxford: Oxford University Press

Clark, J. C. D. (1997). British America: What if there had been no American revolution? In Niall Ferguson (Ed.), Virtual history: Alternatives and counterfactuals (pp. 125–74). London: Picador

Clark, J. C. D. (2000). English society 1660–1832: Religion, ideology and politics during the Ancien regime (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Coady, C. A. J. (1992). Testimony: A philosophical study. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Cohen, I. Bernard, & Westfall, Richard S. (Eds.) (1995). Newton: Texts, backgrounds, commentaries. New York: Norton

Collingwood, R. G. (1956). The idea of history. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Coveney, Peter, & Highfield, Roger (1996). Frontiers of complexity: The search for order in a chaotic world. London: Faber & Faber

Danto, Arthur (1985). Narration and knowledge: Including the integral text of analytical philosophy of history. New York: Columbia University Press

Darnton, Robert (1991). History of reading. In Peter Burke (Ed.), New perspectives on historical writing (pp. 140–65). Cambridge: Polity Press

Davidson, Donald (1980). Essays on actions and events. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Davis, John Francis (1857). China: A general description of that empire and its inhabitants with the history of foreign intercourse down to the events which produced the dissolution of 1857. London: J. Murray

Dennett, Daniel C. (1996). Darwin's dangerous idea: Evolution and the meaning of life. New York: Touchstone

DeVinne, Theodore Low (1876). The invention of printing: A collection of facts and opinions descriptive of early prints and playing cards, the block-books of the fifteenth century, the legends of Lourens Janszoon Coster of Haarlem, and the work of John Gutenberg and his associates. New York: Francis Hart & Co

Dilthey, Wilhelm (1988). Introduction to the human sciences: An attempt to lay a foundation for the study of society and history (Ramon J. Betanzos, Trans.). Detroit: Wayne State University Press

Donagan, Alan (1966). The Popper-Hempel theory reconsidered. In William Dray (Ed.), Philosophical analysis and history (pp. 127–59). New York: Harper & Row

Dray, William (1957). Laws and explanation in history. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Dray, William (1980). Perspectives in history, London: Routledge

Dray, William (1981). La philosophie de l'histoire. Ottawa: Editions de l'Université d'Ottawa

Dray, William (1989). On history and philosophers of history. Leiden: Brill

Dray, William (1993). Philosophy of history (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall

Dray, William (1995). History as re-enactment: R. G. Collingwood's idea of history. Oxford: Clarendon Press

Dretske, Fred I. (1981). Knowledge and the flow of information. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Duhem, Pierre (1954). In Philip p. Wiener (Ed.), The aim and structure of physical theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Dummett, Michael (1978). Truth and other enigmas. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Dupré, John (1995). The disorder of things: Metaphysical foundations of the disunity of science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Earman, John (2000). Hume's abject failure: The argument against miracles. New York: Oxford University Press

Elster, Jon (1978). Logic and society: Contradictions and possible worlds. Chichester: Wiley

Elster, Jon (1989). Nuts and bolts for the social sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Elton, G. R. (1969). The practice of history. Glasgow: Collins

Ereshefsky, Marc (1992). The historical nature of evolutionary biology. In Matthew H. Nitecki & Doris V. Nitecki (Eds.), History and evolution (pp. 81–99). Albany: State University of New York Press

Evans, Richard J. (1999). In defense of history. New York: Norton

Fales, Evan (1980). Uniqueness and historical laws. Philosophy of Science, 47, 260–276CrossRef Google Scholar

Ferguson, Niall (Ed.) (1997). Virtual history: Alternatives and Counterfactuals. London: Picador

Fetzer, James (1975). On the historical explanation of unique events, Theory and Decision, 6, 87–97CrossRef Google Scholar

Feyerabend, Paul (1962). Explanation, reduction, and empiricism. In Herbert Feigel et al. (Eds.), Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science (III, pp. 28–97). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press

Feyerabend, Paul (1981). Philosophical papers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Finkelstein, Israel, & Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). The Bible unearthed: Archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its sacred texts. New York: The Free Press

Fischer, David Hackett (1989). Albion's seed. New York: Oxford University Press

Forster, Malcolm R. (1988). Sober's principle of common cause and the problem of comparing incomplete hypotheses. Philosophy of Science, 55, 538–59CrossRef Google Scholar

Fredrickson, G. M. (1980). Comparative history. In Michael Kammen (Ed.), The past before us: Contemporary historical writing in the United States. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 457–473

Friedman, Richard (1987). Route analysis of credibility and hearsay. Yale Law Journal, 96, 667–742CrossRef Google Scholar

Fukuyama, Francis (1992). The end of history and the last man. New York: The Free Press

Fulbrook, Mary, & Skocpol, Theda (1984). Destined pathways: The historical sociology of Perry Anderson. In Theda Skocpol (Ed.), Vision and method in historical sociology (pp. 170–210). Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRef

Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1989). Truth and method (Joel Weinsheimer & Donald G. Marshall, Trans.). London: Sheed & Ward

Ginzburg, Carlo (1983). Night battles: Witchcraft and agrarian cults in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (John Tedeschi & Ann Tedeschi, Trans.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press

Glymour, Clark (1980). Theory and evidence. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah (1997). Hitler's willing executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York: Vintage Press

Goldman, Alvin (1987). Foundations of social epistemics. Synthese, 73, 109–44CrossRef Google Scholar

Goldman, Alvin I. (1999). Knowledge in a social world. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Goldstein, Doris S. (1990). History at Oxford and Cambridge: Professionalization and the influence of Ranke. In Georg G. Iggers & James M. Powell (Eds.), Leopold von Ranke and the shaping of the historical discipline (pp. 141–53). Syracuse: Syracuse University Press

Goldstein, Leon J. (1976). Historical knowing. Austin: University of Texas Press

Goldstein, Leon J. (1996). The what and the why of history: Philosophical essays. Leiden: Brill

Gooch, G. P. (1959). History and historians in the nineteenth century. Boston: Beacon Press

Gould, Stephen Jay (1989). Wonderful life: The Burgess shale and the nature of history. New York: Norton

Grafton, Anthony, Most, Glenn W., Zetzel, James E. G. (1985). Introduction. In F. A. Wolf, Prolegomena to Homer (pp. 3–35). Princeton: Princeton University Press

Greene, Jack p. (1988). Pursuit of happiness. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press

Greg, W. W. (1927). The Calculus of Variants: An essay on textual criticism. Oxford: The Clarendon Press

Grew, Raymond (1980). The case for comparing histories. American Historical Review, 85, 763–78CrossRef Google Scholar

Gulya, Janos (1974). Some eighteenth century antecedents of nineteenth-century linguistics: The discovery of Finno-Ugarian. In Dell Hymes (Ed.), Studies in the history of linguistics traditions and paradigms (pp. 258–76). Bloomington: University of Indiana Press

Gurr, Ted. R. (1970). Why men rebel. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Habermas, Jürgen (1971). Knowledge and human interests (Jeremy J. Shapiro, Trans.). Boston: Beacon Press

Gurr, Ted. R. (1990). On the logic of the social sciences (Shierry Weber Nicholson & Jerry A. Stark, Trans.). Cambridge: Polity Press

Halevi, Judah (1964). The Kuzari (Kitab al khazari): An argument for the faith of Israel (Hartwig Hirschfeld, Trans.). New York: Schocken Books

Hamilton, Gary G. (1984). Configuration in history: The historical sociology of S. N. Eisenstadt. In Theda Skocpol (Ed.), Vision and method in historical sociology (pp. 85–128). Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRef

Hammond, Michael (1977). Weighing causes in historical explanation. Theoria, 43, 103–128CrossRef Google Scholar

Hanson, Norwood Russell (1958). Patterns of discovery: An inquiry into the conceptual foundations of science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Haslam, Jonathan (1997). Stalin's war or peace: What if the Cold War had been avoided? In Niall Ferguson (Ed.), Virtual history: Alternatives and counterfactuals (pp. 348–67). London: Picador

Hay, Cynthia (1980). Historical theory and historical confirmation. History and Theory, 19, 39–57CrossRef Google Scholar

Hayek, F. A. (1973). Law, legislation and liberty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Hempel, C. G. (1965). Aspects of scientific explanation. New York: The Free Press

Hitchcock, Christopher (1998). The common cause principle in Historical Linguistics. Philosophy of Science, 65, 425–47CrossRef Google Scholar

Hobbs, Jesse (1993). Ex post facto explanations. Journal of Philosophy, 90, 117–36CrossRef Google Scholar

Hoenigswald, Henry M. (1974). Fallacies in the history of linguistics: Notes on the appraisal of the nineteenth century. In Dell Hymes (Ed.), Studies in the history of linguistics traditions and paradigms (pp. 346–58). Bloomington: University of Indiana Press

Hausman, Daniel M. (1998). Causal Asymmetries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Hoyningen-Huene, p. (1989). Epistemological reductionism in biology: intuitions, explications, and objections. In Paul Hoyningen-Huene & Franz M. Wuketits (Eds.), Reductionism and system theory in the life sciences: Some problems and perspectives (pp. 29–44). Dordrecht, KluwerCrossRef

Hull, David (1975). Central subjects and historical narratives. History and Theory, 14, 253–74CrossRef Google Scholar

Hull, David (1984). Informal aspects of theory reduction. In Elliott Sober (Ed.), Conceptual issues in evolutionary biology (pp. 462–76). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Hull, David (1992). The particular-circumstance model of scientific explanation. In Matthew H. Nitecki & Doris V. Nitecki (Eds.), History and evolution (pp. 69–80). Albany NY: State University of New York Press

Hume, David (1988). An enquiry concerning human understanding. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Press

Humphrys, Henry Noel (1868). A history of the art of printing, from its invention to its wide-spread development in the middle of the sixteenth century. London: Bernard Quaritch

Hunt, Lynn (1984). Charles Tilly's collective action. In Theda Skocpol (Ed.), Vision and method in historical sociology (pp. 244–75). Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRef

Hunt, Lynn (1989). Introduction: History, culture, and text. In Lynn Hunt (Ed.), The new cultural history (pp. 1–22). Berkeley: University of California PressCrossRef

Huntington, Samuel p. (1997). The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. New York: Simon & Schuster

Iggers, Georg G. (1985). New directions in European historiography. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press

Iggers, Georg G. (1995). Historicism: The history and meaning of the term. Journal of the History of Ideas, 56, 129–52CrossRef Google Scholar

Iggers, Georg, & von Moltke, Konrad (Eds.) (1973). The theory and practice of history: Leopold von Ranke. Indianapolis & New York: Bobbs-Merrill

Jackson, Alvin (1997). British Ireland: What if Home Rule had been enacted in 1912? In Niall Ferguson (Ed.), Virtual history: Alternatives and counterfactuals (pp. 175–227). London: Picador

Jackson, Frank, & Pettit, Philip (1992). Structural explanation in social theory. In D. Charles & K. Lennon (Eds.), Reduction explanation and realism (pp. 97–131). Oxford: Clarendon Press

Jardine, Nicholas (1991). The scenes of inquiry: On the reality of questions in the sciences. Oxford: Clarendon Press

Jegalian, Karin, & Lahn, Bruce T. (2001). Why the Y is so weird. Scientific American, 284 (2), 56–61CrossRef Google Scholar

Jenkins, Keith (1991). Re-thinking history. London: Routledge

Jervis, Robert (1997). System effects: Complexity in political and social life. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Johnson, Chalmers (1966). Revolutionary change. Boston: Little & Brown

Joynt, C. B., & Rescher, N. (1961). The problem of uniqueness in history. History and Theory, 1, 150–62CrossRef Google Scholar

Jones, Sir William (1967) [1786]. The third anniversary discourse, on the Hindus. In Winfred p. Lehmann (Ed. and Trans.), A reader in nineteenth-century historical Indo-European linguistics (pp. 10–20). Bloomington: Indiana University Press

Jordanova, Ludmilla (2000). History in practice. New York: Oxford University Press

Judt, Tony (2001). New York diarist. Burst. New Republic on Line (Sept. 24, 2001). From: http://www.tnr.com/092401/judt092401.html

Kant, Immanuel (1998). Critique of pure reason (Paul Guyer & Allen W. Wood, Trans.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Kellert, Stephen H. (1993). In the wake of chaos: Unpredictable order in dynamical systems. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Kennedy, Paul M. (1989). The rise and fall of the great powers: Economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000. London: Fontana

Kershaw, Ian (1998). Hitler 1889–1936, hubris. New York: Norton

Kincaid, Harold, (1996). Philosophical foundations of the social sciences: Analyzing controversies in social research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Kiparsky, Paul (1974). From paleogrammarians to neogrammarians. In Dell Hymes (Ed.), Studies in the history of linguistics traditions and paradigms (pp. 331–45). Bloomington: University of Indiana Press

Khong, Yuen Foong (1996). Confronting Hitler and its consequences. In Philip E. Tetlock & Aaron Belkin (Eds.), Counterfactual thought experiments in world politics: Logical, methodological, and psychological perspectives (pp. 95–118). Princeton: Princeton University Press

Köhnke, R. C. (1991). The rise of Neo-Kantianism: German academic philosophy between idealism and positivism (R. G. Hollingdale, Trans.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Kosso, Peter (1992). Observation of the past. History and Theory, 31, 21–36CrossRef Google Scholar

Kosso, Peter (1993). Historical evidence and epistemic justification: Thucydides as a case study. History and Theory, 32, 1–13CrossRef Google Scholar

Kosso, Peter (2001). Knowing the past: Philosophical issues of history and archeology. Amherst, NY: Humanity Books

Krieger, Leonard (1977). Ranke: The meaning of history. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Kripke, Saul (1981). Naming and necessity. Oxford: Blackwell

Kuhn, Thomas S. (1977). The essential tension, Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Kuhn, Thomas S. (1996). The structure of scientific revolutions (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Kunz, Diane (1997). Camelot continued: What if John F. Kennedy had lived? In Niall Ferguson (Ed.), Virtual history: Alternatives and counterfactuals (pp. 368–91). London: Picador

Lakatos, Imre (1978). The methodology of scientific research programmes (John Worrall & Gregory Currie, Eds.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Langlois, Ch., & Seignobos, Ch. (1926) Introduction to the study of history (G. G. Berry, Trans.). New York: Henry Holt & Co.

Laplace, Pierre Simon Marquis de (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (Frederick Wilson Truscott & Frederick Lincoln Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover

Laudan, Larry (1984). Science and values: The aims of science and their role in scientific debate. Berkeley: University of California Press

Laudan, Larry (1998) [1990]. Demystifying underdetermination. In Martin Curd & J. A. Cover (Eds.), Philosophy of science: The central issues (pp. 320–53). New York: Norton

Laudan, Larry & Leplin, Jarrett (1991). Empirical equivalence and underdetermination. The Journal of Philosophy, 88, 449–472CrossRef Google Scholar

Laudan, Rachel & Laudan, Larry (1989). Dominance and the disunity of method: Solving the problems of innovation and consensus. Philosophy of Science, 56, 221–37CrossRef Google Scholar

Laudan, Rachel (1992). What's so special about the past? In Matthew H. Nitecki & Doris V. Nitecki (Eds.), History and evolution (pp. 55–67). Albany: State University of New York Press

Laufer, Berthold (1973) [1931]. Paper and printing in ancient China. New York: Burt Franklin

Lebow, Richard, Stein, Ned & Janice Gross (1996). Back to the past: Counterfactuals and the Cuban missile crisis. In Philip E. Tetlock & Aaron Belkin (Eds.), Counterfactual thought experiments in world politics: Logical, methodological, and psychological perspectives (pp. 119–48). Princeton: Princeton University Press

Lefebvre, Georges (1971). La naissance de l'historiographie moderne. Paris: Flammarion

Le Goff, Jacques, (1992). History and memory (Steven Rendall & Elizabeth Claman, Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press

Lehrer, Keith & Wagner, Carl (1981). Rational consensus in science and society: A philosophical and mathematical study. Dordrecht: Reidel

Levi, Giovanni (1991). On microhistory. In Peter Burke (Ed.), New perspectives on historical writing (pp. 93–113). Cambridge: Polity Press

Levi, Isaac (1985). Consensus as shared agreement and outcome of inquiry. Synthese, 62, 3–11CrossRef Google Scholar

Lewontin, R. C. (1994a). Facts and the factitious in the natural sciences. In James Chandler, Arnold I. Davidson, Harry Harootunian (Eds.), Question of evidence: Proof, practice, and persuasion across the disciplines (pp. 478–91). Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Lewontin, R. C. (1994b). A rejoinder to William Wimsatt. In James Chandler, Arnold I. Davidson, Harry Harootunian (Eds.), Question of evidence: Proof, practice, and persuasion across the disciplines (pp. 504–9). Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Lipton, Peter (1991). Inference to the best explanation. London: Routledge

Lipton, Peter (1998). The Epistemology of testimony. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 29, 1–31CrossRef Google Scholar

Lloyd, Christopher (1993). The structures of history. Oxford: Blackwell

Longino, Helen E. (1990). Science as social knowledge: Values and objectivity in scientific inquiry. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Longino, Helen E. (1994). The fate of knowledge in social theories of science. In Frederick F. Schmitt (Ed.), Socializing epistemology: The social dimensions of knowledge (pp. 135–57). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield

Lorenz, Chris (1994). Historical knowledge and historical reality: A plea for “internal realism.”History and Theory, 33, 297–327CrossRef Google Scholar

McCloskey, Donald N. (1991). History, differential equations, and the problem of narrative. History and Theory, 30, 21–36CrossRef Google Scholar

McCullagh, C. Behan (1998). The truth of history. New York: Routledge

Maas, Paul (1958). Textual criticism (Barbara Flower, Trans.). Oxford: Clarendon Press

Mandelbaum, Maurice (1977). The anatomy of historical knowledge, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press

Manicas, Peter (1981). Review of Skocpol's states and social revolutions. History and Theory, 20, 218–31Google Scholar

Martin, Raymond (1989). The past within us: An empirical approach to philosophy of history. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Marwick, Arthur (1993). The nature of history (3rd ed.). London: Macmillan

Marx, Karl (1978a). The class struggles in France, 1848–1850. In Robert C. Tucker (Ed.), The Marx-Engles Reader (2nd ed., pp. 586–93). New York: Norton

Marx, Karl (1978b). The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. In Robert C. Tucker (Ed.), The Marx-Engles reader (2nd ed., pp. 594–617). New York: Norton

Maudlin, Tim (2000). The character of chaos. Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the American Philosophical Association in New York, December 2000

Meinecke, Friedrich (1972). Historicism: The rise of the new historical outlook (J. E. Anderson, Trans.). New York: Herder & Herder

Metcalf, George J. (1974). The Indo-European hypothesis in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In Dell Hymes (Ed.), Studies in the history of linguistics traditions and paradigms (pp. 233–57). Bloomington: University of Indiana Press

Miliband, Ralph (1977). Marxism and politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Mill, J. S. (1976). A system of logic. In John M. Robson (Ed.), The collected works of J. S. Mill. Toronto: University of Toronto Press

Miller, Constance R. (1983). Technological and cultural prerequisites for the invention of printing in China and the West (Asian Library Series; no. 21 Studies in East Asian Librarianship). San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center

Miller, Richard W. (1987). Fact and method: Explanation, confirmation and reality in the natural and social sciences. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Milligan, John D. (1979). The treatment of an historical source. History and Theory, 18, 177–96CrossRef Google Scholar

Momigliano, Arnaldo (1977). Essays in ancient and modern historiography. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press

Mommsen, Wolfgang J. (1990). Ranke and the Neo-Rankean school in Imperial Germany: State-oriented historiography as a stabilizing force. In Georg G. Iggers & James M. Powell (Eds.), Leopold von Ranke and the shaping of the historical discipline (pp. 124–49). Syracuse: Syracuse University Press

Murphey, Murray G. (1973). Our knowledge of the historical past. Indianapolis & New York: Bobbs-Merrill

Murphey, Murray G. (1994). Philosophical foundations of historical knowledge. Albany: State University of New York Press

Nagel, Ernst (1961). The structure of science. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World

Nickels, T. (1973). Two concepts of inter-theoretic reduction. The Journal of Philosophy, 70, 181–201CrossRef Google Scholar

Nozick, Robert (1974). Anarchy, state, and utopia. New York: Basic Books

Oakeshott, Michael (1985). Experience and its modes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Okruhlik, Kathleen (1994). Biology and society. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Supple. 20, 21–42CrossRef Google Scholar

Oppenheim p. & Putnam H. (1958). Unity of science as a working hypothesis. In Herbert Feigel et al. (Eds.), Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science (II, pp. 3–36). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press

Partner, Nancy F. (1995). Historicity in an age of reality-fictions. In Frank Ankersmit & Hans Kellner (Eds.), A new philosophy of history (pp. 21–39). London: Reaktion books

Peirce, C. S. (1957) [1883]. The general theory of probable inference. In J. Buchler (Ed.), Philosophical writings of Peirce (pp. 190–217). New York: Dover

Percival, W. Keith (1974). “Rask's view of linguistic development and phonetic correspondences”. In Dell Hymes (Ed.), Studies in the history of linguistics, traditions and paradigms (pp. 307–14). Bloomington: University of Indiana Press

Pettit, Philip (1993). The common mind: An essay on psychology, society, and politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Pirenne, Henri (1939). Mohammed and charlemagne. New York: Norton

Plato, (1981). Meno. In Five dialogues (G. M. A. Grube, Trans.) (pp. 59–88). Indianapolis: Hackett

Pompa, Leon (1981). Truth and fact in history. In L. Pompa & W. H. Dray (Eds.), Substance and form in history: A collection of essays in philosophy of History (pp. 171–171). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press

Popper K. R. (1964). The poverty of historicism. New York: Harper & Row

Poulantzas Nico (1978). Political power and social classes. London: Verso

Putnam, Hilary (1975). Mind, language and reality, philosophical papers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Putnam, Hilary (1990). Realism with a human face (James Conant, Ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Quine, W. V. O. (1960). Word and object, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press

Quine, W. V. O. (1975). On empirically equivalent systems of the world. Erkenntnis, 9, 313–28CrossRef Google Scholar

Quine, W. V. O. (1980). Two dogmas of empiricism. In From a logical point of view (pp. 20–46). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Quine, W. V. O. (1985). Epistemology naturalized. In Hilary Kornblith (Ed.), Naturalizing epistemology (pp. 15–29). Cambridge MA: MIT Press

Ragin, Charles (1982). Comparative sociology and the comparative method. In J. Michael Armer & Robert M. Marsh (Eds.), Comparative sociological research in the 1960s and 1970s. Leiden: Brill

Ranke, Leopold (1981). The history of the popes, their church and state, and especially their conflicts with Protestantism in the sixteenth & seventeenth centuries (E. Foster, Trans.) (3 vols). London: George Bell & Sons

Ranke, Leopold (1909). History of the Latin and Teutonic nations (1494 to 1514) (G. R. Dennis, Trans.). London: George Bell & Sons

Ranke, Leopold (1981). Introduction to the history of the Latin and Teutonic Nations. In Roger Wines (Ed. & Trans.), Leopold von Ranke, the secret of world history: Selected writings on the art and science of history. New York: Fordham University Press

Rappard, V. P. (1993). History and system. Annals of Theoretical Psychology, 9, 1–40Google Scholar

Rask, Rasmus (1967) [1818]. An investigation concerning the source of the old Northern or Icelandic language. In Winfred p. Lehmann (Ed. & Trans.), A reader in nineteenth-century historical Indo-European linguistics (pp. 31–7). Bloomington: Indiana University Press

Reichenbach, Hans (1956). The Direction of Time. Berkeley: University of California Press

Reisch, George A. (1991). Chaos, history, and narrative. History and Theory, 30, 1–20CrossRef Google Scholar

Reisch, George (1995). Scientism without tears: A reply to Roth and Ryckman. History and Theory, 34, 45–58CrossRef Google Scholar

Renfrew, Colin (1988). Archeology and language: The puzzle of Indo-European origins. New York: Cambridge University Press

Rescher, Nicholas (1993). Pluralism: Against the demand for consensus. Oxford: Clarendon Press

Resnik, David B. (1989). Adaptationist explanations. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 20, 193–213CrossRef Google Scholar

Rickert, Heinrich (1962). Science and history: A critique of positivist epistemology (George Reisman, Trans.). Princeton: D. Van Norstrand Company

Ringer, Fritz (1997). Max Weber's Methodology: The unification of the cultural and social sciences. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Roberts, Andrew (1997). Hitler's England: What if Germany had invaded Britain in May 1940? In Niall Ferguson (Ed.), Virtual history: Alternatives and counterfactuals (pp. 281–320). London: Picador

Rogerson, John (1985). Old Testament criticism in the nineteenth century. Philadelphia: Fortress Press

Rorty, Richard (1979). Philosophy and the mirror of nature. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Ross Taylor, Lily (1966). Roman voting assemblies: From the Hannibalic War to the dictatorship of Caesar. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press

Rotenstreich, Nathan (1958). Between past and present. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press

Roth, Paul A. (1987). Meaning and method in the social sciences. Ithaca: Cornell University Press

Roth, Paul A., & Ryckman, Thomas A. (1995). Chaos, clio, and scientific illusions of understanding. History and Theory, 34, 30–44CrossRef Google Scholar

Rouse, Joseph (1987). Knowledge and power: Toward a political philosophy of science. Ithaca: Cornell University Press

Ruben, David-Hillel (1990). Singular explanation and the social sciences. In Dudley Knowls (Ed.), Explanation and its limits (pp. 95–117). Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRef

Rueschemeyer, Dietrich (1984). Theoretical generalization and historical particularity in the comparative sociology of Reinhard Bendix. In Theda Skocpol (Ed.), Vision and method in historical sociology (pp. 129–69). Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRef

Ruse, Michael (1984). Reduction in genetics. In Elliott Sober (Ed.), Conceptual issues in evolutionary biology (pp. 446–61). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Ruse, Michael (1989). Sociobiology and reduction. In p. Hoyningen-Huene & F. M. Wuketits (Eds.). Reductionism and system theory in the life sciences: Some problems and perspectives (pp. 45–83). Dordrecht: KluwerCrossRef

Ryan Alan (1975). John Stuart Mill. London: Routledge

Salmon, Wesley (1984). Scientific explanation and the causal structure of the world. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Salmon Wesley C. (1998) [1990]. Rationality and objectivity in science or Tom Kuhn meets Tom Bayes. In Martin Curd & J. A. Cover (Eds.), Philosophy of science: The central issues (pp. 551–83). New York: Norton

Santamaria, Ulysses & Bailey, Anne M. (1984). A note on Braudel's structure as a duration. History and Theory, 23, 78–83CrossRef Google Scholar

Sarkar, Husain (1997). The task of group rationality: The subjectivist's view–partII. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 28, pp. 497–520CrossRef Google Scholar

Schaffner, Kenneth (1984). Reduction in biology: Prospects and problems. In Elliott Sober (Ed.), Conceptual issues in evolutionary biology (pp. 428–445). Cambridge MA: MIT Press

Scholderer, Victor (1963). Johan Gutenberg, The inventor of printing. London: British Museum

Scriven, Michael (1966). Causes, connections and conditions in history. In William Dray (Ed.), Philosophical analysis and history (pp. 238–64). New York: Harper & Row

Shapin, Steven & Schaffer Simon (1985). Leviathan and the air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the experimental life. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Shapiro, Robert (1992). The human blueprint: The race to unlock the secrets of our genetic script. London: Cassell

Sharpe, Jim (1991). History from below. In Peter Burke (Ed.), New perspectives on historical writing (pp. 24–41). Cambridge: Polity Press

Shermer, Michael (1995). Exorcising Laplace's demon: Chaos and antichaos, history and metahistory. History and Theory, 34, 59–83CrossRef Google Scholar

Simmel, Georg (1977). The problems of the philosophy of history: An epistemological essay (Guy Oakes, Trans.). New York: The Free Press

Sklar, Lawrence (1967). Types of inter-theoretic reduction. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 18, 106–24CrossRef Google Scholar

Skocpol, Theda (1979). States and social revolutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Skocpol, Theda, & Somers, Margaret (1980). The uses of comparative history in macrosocial inquiry. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 22, 174–97CrossRef Google Scholar

Smart, J. J. C. (1990). Explanation – Opening address. In Dudley Knowls (Ed.), Explanation and its limits (pp. 1–19). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Smith, Peter (1998). Explaining chaos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Smith, Roger (1997). The Fontana history of the human sciences. London: Fontana Press

Sober, Elliott (1988). Reconstructing the past: Parsimony, evolution, and inference. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Sober, Elliott (1989). Independent evidence about a common cause. Philosophy of Science, 56, 275–87CrossRef Google Scholar

Sober, Elliott (1999). Modus Darwin, Biology and Philosophy, 14, 253–78CrossRef Google Scholar

Sober, Elliott (2001). Venetian sea levels, British bread prices, and the principle of the common cause. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 52, 331–46CrossRef Google Scholar

Solomon, Miriam (2001). Social empiricism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Spence, Donald p. (1994). The rhetorical voice of psychoanalysis: Displacement of evidence by theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Spitzer, Alan B. (1990). John Dewey, the “Trial” of Leon Trotsky and the search for historical truth. History and Theory, 29, 16–37CrossRef Google Scholar

Stoianovich, Traian (1976). French historical method: The Annales paradigm. Ithaca: Cornell University Press

Swadesh, Morris (1972). The origin and diversification of language. London: Routledge

Tennessen, Herman (1969). History is science. The Monist, 53, 116–33CrossRef Google Scholar

Tetlock, Philip E., & Belkin, Aaron (1996). Counterfactual thought experiments in world politics: Logical, methodological, and psychological perspectives. In Philip E. Tetlock & Aaron Belkin (Eds.), Counterfactual thought experiments in world politics: Logical, methodological, and psychological perspectives (pp. 1–38). Princeton: Princeton University Press

Thagard, Paul (1993). Computational philosophy of science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Thagard, Paul (1998) [1978]. Why astrology is a pseudoscience. In Martin Curd & J. A. Cover (Eds.), Philosophy of science: The central issues (pp. 27–37). New York: Norton

Tilly, Charles (1984). Big structures, large processes, huge comparisons. New York: Russell Sage

Tilly, Charles (1988). Future history. Theory and Society, 17, 703–12CrossRef Google Scholar

Troy, Christopher S., MacHugh, David E., Bailey, Jullian F., Magee, David A., Loftus, Ronan T., Cunningham, Patrick, Chamberlain, Andrew T., Sykes, Bryan C., & Bradley, Daniel G. (2001). Genetic evidence for Near-Eastern origins of European cattle. Nature, 410 (April 26), 1088–1191CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Tucker, Aviezer (1990). Some methodological notes on the explanations to the invention of printing. History and Technology, 7, 73–89CrossRef Google Scholar

Tucker, Aviezer (1993). Plato and Vico: A platonic reinterpretation of Vico. Idealistic Studies, 23, 139–50CrossRef Google Scholar

Tucker, Aviezer (1998). Unique events: The underdetermination of explanation. Erkenntnis, 48–1, 59–80CrossRef Google Scholar

Tucker, Aviezer (1999a). The genealogy of incommensurability in psychoanalysis. In Eric J. Engstrom, Matthias M. Weber, Paul Hoff (Eds.), Power and knowledge: Perspectives in the history of psychiatry, Proceedings of the third triennial conference of the European association for the history of psychiatry (pp. 197–207). Berlin: VWB – Verlag für Wissenschaft und Bildung

Tucker, Aviezer (1999b). [Review of the book Roger Smith, The Fontana history of the human sciences. London: Fontana Press, 1997] The British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 7, 365–367

Tucker, Aviezer (2000). Networking [Review of the book David Stark & László Bruszt, postsocialist pathways: Transforming politics and property in East Central Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1998]. East European Constitutional Review, 9 (1–2), 107–112. From: http://www.law.nyu.edu/eecr/vol9num_onehalf/reviews/networking.html

Tucker, Aviezer (2001). The future of philosophy of history. History and Theory, 40, 37–56CrossRef Google Scholar

Tucker, Aviezer (2002). Kripke and fixing the reference of “God.” International Studies in Philosophy, 34 (4), 155–160CrossRef Google Scholar

Tucker, Aviezer (2003). The epistemic significance of consensus. Inquiry, 46, 501–521CrossRef Google Scholar

Valla, Lorenzo (1922). The treatise of Lorenzo Valla on the donation of Constantine (Christopher B. Coleman, Trans.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press

Van Fraassen, B. (1980). The Scientific Image. Oxford: Clarendon Press

Vico, Giambattista (1984) [1725]. The New Science (Thomas Goddard Bergin & Max Fisch, Trans.). Ithaca, Cornell University Press

von Laue, Theodore H., (1950). Leopold Ranke: The formative years. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Wade, Nicholas (2003). In click languages, an echo of the tongues of the ancients. The New York Times, March 18, F2

Wallace, Edwin R., IV(1985). Historiography and causation in psychoanalysis: An essay on psychoanalytic and historical epistemology. Hillsdale, NJ & London: The Analytic Press

Walsh, W. H. (1966). The limits of scientific history. In William Dray (Ed.), Philosophical analysis and history (pp. 54–74). New York: Harper & Row

Weber, Max (1949). The methodology of the social sciences (Edward A. Shils & Henry A. Finch, Trans. and Eds.) New York: The Free Press

Weinryb, Elazar (1975). The justification of a causal thesis: An analysis of the controversies over the theses of Pirenne, Turner, and Weber. History and Theory, 14, 32–56CrossRef Google Scholar

White, Hayden (1973). Metahistory. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press

White, Hayden (1978). Tropics of discourse. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press

White, Hayden (1987). The content of the form. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press

White, Morton (1965). Foundations of historical knowledge. New York: Harper & Row

Wilson, Adrian (1993). Foundations of an integrated historiography. In Adrian Wilson (Ed.), Rethinking social history: English society 1570–1920 and its interpretation: Manchester, Manchester University Press, 293–335

Wimsatt, William (1984). Reductive explanation: A functional account. In Elliott Sober (Ed.), Conceptual issues in evolutionary biology (pp. 478–508). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Wimsatt, William (1994). Lewontin's evidence (that there isn't any). In James Chandler, Arnold I. Davidson, Harry Harootunian (Eds.), Question of evidence: proof, practice, and persuasion across the disciplines (pp. 492–503). Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Winch Peter (1958). The Idea of a Social Science. London: Routledge

Windelband, Wilhelm (1980). Rectorial address, Strasbourg, 1894 (Guy Oakes, Trans.) [Translation of: Geschichte und Naturwissenschaften, History and Theory 19, 169–85. In Praludien, Vol. II, 136–60: Verlag von J. G. B. Mohr, Tübingen]

Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1953). Philosophical Investigations (G. E. M. Anscombe, Trans.) Oxford: Blackwell

Wolf, F. A. (1985) [1795]. Prolegomena to Homer. (Anthony Grafton, Glenn W. Most, & James E. G. Zetzel, Trans.). Princeton: Princeton University Press

Wright, Crispin (1984). Second thoughts about criteria. Synthese, 58, 383–405CrossRef Google Scholar

Wylie, Alison (1995). Unification and convergence in archeological explanation: The agricultural “wave-of-advance” and the origins of Indo-European languages. The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 34 (supple.), 1–30CrossRef Google Scholar

Wylie, Alison (1999). Rethinking unity as a “working hypothesis” for philosophy of science: How archaeologists exploit the disunities of science. Perspectives on Science, 7, 293–317CrossRef Google Scholar