ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE TROJANS.

We have the testimony of Herodotus that the Trojans were Teucrians. This is confirmed by the tradition preserved by Apollodorus, that from Electra, the daughter of Atlas, were born by Zeus Iasion and Dardanus. Now Iasion, having fallen in love with Demeter and intending to violate the goddess, was killed by a thunderbolt. Dardanus, grieving for his brother's death, left the island of Samothrace, and crossed to the opposite continent. Here reigned Teucer (Τεῦκρος), son of the river Scamander and a Nymph of Ida, from whom the inhabitants of the country were called Teucrians. Having been adopted by the king, he married his daughter Bateia, received part of the land, built the city of Dardanus, and, after Teucer's death, named the whole country Dardania.

In the time of Herodotus, the inhabitants of the city of Gergis were still considered a remnant of the ancient Teucrians, who, in company with the Mysians, had crossed the Bosphorus into Europe before the time of the Trojan war, and, after conquering all Thrace, had pressed forward till they came to the Ionian Sea (the modern Adriatic), while southward they reached as far as the river Peneus. According to some writers, these Mysians appear to have been Thracians, who had come into Asia from Europe.

Whether the inhabitants of the first city quietly abandoned their homes and emigrated, or whether their city was captured and destroyed by an enemy, we are unable to discover from the ruins; at all events, the first town was not destroyed by fire, for I found no marks of a general, or even of a partial, conflagration. It is further quite certain that the first settlers were succeeded by a different people: this is proved by the architecture as well as by the pottery, both of which are totally different from what we see in the first city.

I have already said that these second settlers built both their houses and their walls of large stones. The remains we now see of these dwellings are, of course, only the substructions, but the really enormous masses of loose stones contained in the strata of this second city testify to the fact, that the walls of the houses were built of stone. Not all the houses, however, were built of this material, for we see here and there the débris of houses which must have had walls of clay.

It is only to these second settlers that we can attribute the wall B represented in the engraving No. 2 (see p. 24), which I brought to light on the north side of the hill.

As I have explained in the preceding pages, I ascertained by the twenty shafts sunk on the site of Novum Ilium, which are accurately indicated on the Plan of the Hellenic Ilium, that the ruins of none of the pre-historic cities, which succeeded each other here in the course of ages, exceeded the precincts of the hill of Hissarlik, which forms its north-west corner, and served as its Acropolis. This Acropolis, like the Acropolis of old Troy, was called Pergamum. Here were the temples of the gods, among which the sanctuary of Athené, the tutelary deity of the city, was of great celebrity. The Ilians, who firmly believed in the ancient tradition that their town occupied the very site of ancient Troy, were proud to show in their Pergamum the house of Priam as well as the altar of Zeus Herkeios, where that unhappy old man had been slain, and the identical stone on which Palamedes had taught the Greeks to play at dice. They were so totally ignorant of archæology, that they took it as an undoubted fact, that the Trojans had walked on the very same surface of the soil as themselves, and that the buildings they showed were all that remained of the ancient city. It never occurred to their minds that ruins could exist except on the surface.

EARLY AND COMMERCIAL LIFE: 1822 TO 1866.

If I begin this book with my autobiography, it is not from any feeling of vanity, but from a desire to show how the work of my later life has been the natural consequence of the impressions I received in my earliest childhood; and that, so to say, the pickaxe and spade for the excavation of Troy and the royal tombs of Mycenae were both forged and sharpened in the little German village in which I passed eight years of my earliest childhood. I also find it necessary to relate how I obtained the means which enabled me, in the autumn of my life, to realize the great projects I formed when I was a poor little boy. But I flatter myself that the manner in which I have employed my time, as well as the use I have made of my wealth, will meet with general approbation, and that my autobiography may aid in diffusing among the intelligent public of all countries a taste for those high and noble studies, which have sustained my courage during the hard trials of my life, and which will sweeten the days yet left me to live.

As Mr. Gladstone rightly remarks, the Dardanian name in the Iliad is the oldest of all those names, found in the Poems, which are linked by a distinct genealogy with the epoch of the Trojan war. As already stated, Dardanus was called the son of Zeus by Electra, daughter of Atlas, and was further said to have come from Samothrace, or from Arcadia, or from Italy; but Homer mentions nothing of this. Dardanus founded Dardania in a lofty position on the slope of Mount Ida; for he was not yet powerful enough to form a settlement in the plain. He married Bateia, an Idaean nymph, daughter of Teucer, son of the river Scamander, and begat Ilus and Erichthonius, who became the richest of all mortal men. He had in his pastures three thousand mares, the offspring of some of whom, by Boreas, produced twelve colts of supernatural swiftness. Having married Astyoche, daughter of the river Simois, he had by her a son called Tros. This latter, who became the eponym of the Trojans, had by his wife Calirrhoë, daughter of the Scamander, three sons, called Ilus, Assaracus, and Ganymedes, and a daughter, called Cleopatra. Ganymedes having become the most beautiful of mankind was carried away by the gods, and made the cupbearer of Zeus, who gave to Tros, as the price of the youth, a team of immortal horses.

When last spring I accepted Dr. Schliemann's invitation to assist him in his excavations in the Troad, I was prompted to do so in no small degree by the hope that, in turning my back on the soil of Europe, I should also for some time turn it upon the whole mass of occupations which threatened to crush me. I did not suspect that the very occupation from which I had gradually withdrawn at home, the practice of medicine, would fall to my lot there in burdensome abundance. But scarcely had I been one day at Ilium, or, to speak less dogmatically, at Hissarlik, when some sick labourers were brought to me from among the large numbers employed by Dr. Schliemann, and this sufficed to spread over the whole of the Northern Troad the report that a newly-arrived Effendi was a great physician. The labourers, numbering from 120 to 150, who came every morning to the excavations from all parts of the neighbourhood, as well as the numerous persons who brought victuals and other necessaries, took care, in a country where foreigners are in themselves a very unusual sight, to excite a general curiosity.

I am at a loss to say whether there is a real physician in the Troad. Though I travelled through the country from the Hellespont to the Gulf of Adramyttium, yet I nowhere met with such a man.

REMAINS OF THE CITY.

The founders of Novum Ilium built their city both to the east and to the south of Hissarlik, and used this hill as their Acropolis and the seat of their sanctuaries. They did so probably for three reasons: first, because they were conscious of the fact, that here had once stood the sanctuary of Athené as well as the houses of Troy's last king and his sons, and that here the fate of sacred Ilios had been decided, and therefore a religious reverence deterred them from giving up the place to profane use; secondly, because Hissarlik had strong natural defences, and was admirably situated for an Acropolis; and, in the third place, because the new settlers were too numerous to build their town on so small a space. This explains the thinness of the Greek stratum of débris on Hissarlik, the scarcity of objects of human industry, even of fragments of pottery, and the abundance of terra-cotta figurines and round pieces of terra-cotta, in the form of watches, with two perforations, which here replace the prehistoric whorls, and seem, along with the figurines, to have served as votive offerings. In commemoration of the Acropolis of old, erroneously attributed to Ilium by Homer, and probably believed by the new settlers to have occupied this identical hill, Hissarlik was thenceforth called Pergamus, or Priam's Pergamon, as Herodotus names it.

Some years ago, while engaged in writing on the Incas of Peru, their civilization and knowledge of the fine and the industrial arts, I came to doubt what has been so confidently set forth by some historians, that the Children of the Sun knew of a secret in metallurgy that baffles the scientific knowledge of the nineteenth century to discover. It is true that the Incas had their mirrors of polished copper, which their women greatly prized; and did not Humboldt bring to Europe a copper chisel, that was found in a silver mine close to Cuzco? And is it not true that many of the vessels, weapons, tools, and ornaments, which belong to Incarial times and are now and again found in various parts of Peru, are of a brown complexion, and not blue or green with rust? And does not all this prove that the Incas possessed and practised the art of hardening copper?

The Incas were a wonderful people: their system of colonization and settlement is worthy the attention of modern statesmen. Their way of life was admirable and enviable for many things: no one, for example, of their kingdom could die for lack of bread; idleness was punished as a crime; no lawsuit could be postponed longer than five days. Everybody received an education peculiar to his state and condition.