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23990 results in Ancient history

Page 385 of 1200

  • 6 - Italy and the Reinvention of Rome (150–50 BCE)

  • Josiah Osgood, Georgetown University, Washington DC
  • Book:
    Rome and the Making of a World State, 150 BCE–20 CE
    Published online:
    11 April 2018
    Print publication:
    12 April 2018, pp 90-107

  • Summary

    The granting of citizenship to Italians at the end of the Social War, while exposing the limitations of traditional city-based government, also helped contribute to the rise of Rome as a world state. This chapter examimes developments in Italy before and after the Social War, focusing especially on the exceptionally well-preserved Pompeii. Empire made Italians rich and this fueled their alienation from Rome. But as they finally became better integrated into the Roman state politically, the Italians came to feel more Roman and the culture of the Italian peninsula became more unified.

  • 12 - Principate: Government for the World State (30–6 BCE)

  • Josiah Osgood, Georgetown University, Washington DC
  • Book:
    Rome and the Making of a World State, 150 BCE–20 CE
    Published online:
    11 April 2018
    Print publication:
    12 April 2018, pp 199-218

  • Summary

    This chapter explores how the government of the Roman empire was transformed under the first emperor, Augustus. Though Augustus effectively became the head of state, there never was a formla monarchy, nor a legally defined position of 'emperor.' Old political origins such as the Senate continued to function. As Augustus aged, his younger male family members were promoted as part of his amibition to achieve long-term stability to Rome. The chapter discusses reforms of taxation, provincial government, the army, and the running of the city of Rome. The major historical sources for the life and times of Augustus are also analyzed.

  • Chapter 4 - Political Passions and Civic Corruption

  • Jed W. Atkins, Duke University, North Carolina
  • Book:
    Roman Political Thought
    Published online:
    30 March 2018
    Print publication:
    12 April 2018, pp 91-111
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  • 8 - Rival Leaders and the Search for Power Bases (66–50 BCE)

  • Josiah Osgood, Georgetown University, Washington DC
  • Book:
    Rome and the Making of a World State, 150 BCE–20 CE
    Published online:
    11 April 2018
    Print publication:
    12 April 2018, pp 124-143

  • Summary

    This chapter begins by following an aspiring Roman politicians (M. Aemilius Scaurus) from his initial rise to power to the conviction that led to his downfall and shows the extent to which politicians were cultivating different powerbases and seeking to gain the resources of empire for their own ends. A distinctive feature of the 60s and 50s was increased mobilization of those living in the city of Rome as street-fighters. The analyzes Cicero's use of rhetoric in establishing himself in the political arena and his ultimately unsucessful attempt to build consensus by attacking Catiline. The discussion then turns to efforts by Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey to monopolize powerbases and resources. Their alliance undermined the institutions of Senate and People and ultimately led to civil war in 49 BCE.

  • 13 - The New Age: Refashioning Culture and Society (30–5 BCE)

  • Josiah Osgood, Georgetown University, Washington DC
  • Book:
    Rome and the Making of a World State, 150 BCE–20 CE
    Published online:
    11 April 2018
    Print publication:
    12 April 2018, pp 219-241

  • Summary

    The political transformation entailed by the rise to power of Augustus was matched by cultural transformation. Romans thought they were living in a new age, and they created new types of architecture, art, and everyday consumer goods that could embody a sense of peace and prosperity. Augustus and his family, often worshipped like gods, were increasingly important symbols of what it meant to be Roman. Being Roman was less associated with the old city-state activities of voting or fighting under yearly elected consuls. It meant worshipping the emperor, commissiong new types of art, or reading new works of literature like Vergil's Aeneid.

  • 14 - The World State Tested (4 BCE–20 CE)

  • Josiah Osgood, Georgetown University, Washington DC
  • Book:
    Rome and the Making of a World State, 150 BCE–20 CE
    Published online:
    11 April 2018
    Print publication:
    12 April 2018, pp 242-258

  • Summary

    Augustus' later years in power witnessed a series of challenges: discord within his family, the ruling dynasty; major military rebellions against Rome; fire, flooding, and food shortage in the city of Rome. In 4 CE Augustus orchestrated a series of adoptions that strengthened the idea that his 'house' would rule even after he died. He also signaled that expansion of the Roman empire through further wars of conquest was at an end. Without much difficulty, Tiberius was able to succeed Augustus in 14 CE, and when Tiberius' intended successor Germanicus unexpectedly died five years later, the response by Romans across the Roman world showed that the 'Augustan house' commanded much loyalty. The principate would endure as the form of government that could run a world state.

Page 385 of 1200