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One of the most frequently used terms in this book is ‘opposites’, and that is a reflection not only of the role that oppositions play in thought and communication, but also of the marked tendency for Latin to express oppositions asyndetically, particularly in certain genres, such as philosophy and historiography.1 On the first point it is worth quoting Lyons (1977: 277)
This chapter is diverse, in that it deals with Virgil and Homer, Ennius and some other early poets (Pacuvius, Livius Andronicus, Naevius), and Lucretius. It is about asyndeton, particularly with two members, in poetry of the higher genres (including some tragic fragments) mainly in the earlier Republic. The chapter does not follow a chronological order. It starts with the latest writer of the group, Virgil, because his use of asyndeton can be straightforwardly described, and the description opens the way to comparisons between poets and to discussion of the influence of one writer on another. Was Virgil influenced by Homer, or by Lucretius or Ennius? Where does Lucretius stand in relation to early poetry? Explicit coordination will also be referred to, and will allow asyndetic coordination to be seen for what it is.
I have tried in this chapter to comment on every (possible) instance of asyndeton bimembre comprising two words in the following books of Livy: 4, 5, 9, 23, 30, 34, 38, 42. These books occupy about 697 pages of modern editions (OCTs and Teubners), which makes them collectively at least as long and probably longer than the whole of the Histories and Annals of Tacitus (see the conclusions below, 3.1). It will become clear that this type of asyndeton is rare in Livy. Quite a few of the examples numbered below are also open to doubt.
Asyndetic coordination (omission of coordinators such as 'but', 'or', 'and') is ancient in Indo-European languages. Most commentaries on Greek and Latin texts index 'asyndeton', but wide-ranging treatments of asyndeton across a variety of literary and non-literary genres are largely lacking, and comments are often impressionistic. This book provides the most comprehensive account of asyndeton in Latin ever attempted, and it also contains material from Greek and Umbrian. It analyses asyndeta in diverse genres from early Latin to the early Empire, including prayers and laws, and aims to identify types, determinants, generic variations and chronological changes. Since coordinators are easily left out or added by scribes, criteria are discussed that might be used by editors in deciding between asyndeton and coordination. External influences on Latin, such as Greek and Italic, are also considered. The book will be essential for all scholars of Latin language and literature as well as historical linguistics.