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152433 results in Classical Studies

Page 34 of 7622

  • II - Civic religion

  • Trevor Dean
  • Book:
    The towns of Italy in the later Middle Ages
    Published by:
    Manchester University Press
    Published online:
    08 April 2026, pp 63-108

  • Summary

    The documents in this section explore civitc religion. A feature of civic Christianity is the lay confraternities that were common in towns in north and central Italy. Civic religion is useful for a group of religious practices that gave prominence to the role of the laity and that asserted or protected civic identity. If the emphasis in civic religion was increasingly on religion in the service of the city, and on lay domination of the church, the church's long and eventually victorious struggle against heresy reveals the successful imposition of orthodoxy, often to popular opposition. The presence of Cathar heretics in the first half of the thirteenth century was favoured by local political conflict, which weakened communal government, and by an influx of refugee heretics from southern France.

  • Introduction

  • I. S. Robinson
  • Book:
    The Papal Reform of the Eleventh Century
    Published by:
    Manchester University Press
    Published online:
    08 April 2026, pp 1-96

  • Summary

    This introduction presents an overview of the the biographies and narrative sources in the book and puts them into the context of eleventh-century papal reform. They are concerned principally with the lives of Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII. Bishop Bonizo of Sutri wrote his polemical history of the Church, The Book to a Friend, in exile in Tuscany soon after the death of Gregory VII in 1085 and that pope is the central figure in the work. Paul of Bernried wrote his biography of Gregory VII in 1128, perhaps in Regensburg, drawing on a large collection of late eleventh-century Gregorian materials. Bishop Benzo of Alba completed his polemic addressed to Henry IV in 1085 in Lombardy. Finally Bishop Bruno of Segni composed his Sermon concerning Simoniacs probably in the later 1090s, when he was an active member of the papal curia.

Page 34 of 7622