The fundamentals of analog and digital modulation techniques are presented in Chapter 6. The theoretical underpinnings of the world's most popular amplitude modulations, frequency modulations, and phase modulations are presented. The impact of pulse shape and filtering on bit error rate of a mobile communication system is demonstrated, where Doppler spread creates an irreducible bit error rate no matter how good the signal-to-noise ratio, yet is below the noise created by other aspects of the radio system. This led Europe to select GMSK for the pan-European 2G digital cellular standard, whereas the US selected a pi/4 PSK modulation method originated in Japan that allows both coherent and non-coherent demodulation and a graceful upgrade path for existing operators to adopt the new digital modulation with gradual base station changeouts over time.Capacity and Shannon's limit are defined and explained through numerous examples.

Chapter 9 covers the fundamentals of all multiple access methods used in modern wireless communication networks. FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, SDMA, and hybrid multiple access methods are presented, as well as asynchronous methods such as ALOHA, slotted-ALOHA, carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) and packet reservation multiple access (PRMA). The applications and usage of various multiple access methods are demonstrated, and examples of capacity for different multiple access techniques are presented throughout the chapter.

Chapter 1 covers the invention and growth of cellular telephone and associated wireless technologies, and how wireless proliferated throughout the world. Examples show how the first cellular and paging systems were engineered , and how roaming and frequency reuse enabled the mobile communications revolution.

Chapter 3 focuses on the fundamental engineering principles used to design and deploy modern wireless communication systems. The assignment of radio channels in a mobile radio environment is presented, with considerations on co-channel and adjacent channel interference, and the approaches used to mitigate interference in a cellphone system. Repeaters, cell-splitting, micro-cells, and picocells are discussed, and trunking theory is introduced to demonstrate how capacity is computed in a mobile network with shared resources and in the face of interference.

Chapter 2 covers the early global cellphone and paging standards, and demonstrates the technical features of the first few generations of wireless communications technologies for both mobile and fixed use. The use of licensed and unlicensed bands is discussed, with a look at the global evolution of wireless standards.

Chapter 4treats the fundamentals of radio propagation path loss, also known as large-scale fading. A wide range of practical radio propagation models are presented, and the fundamental theories of reflection, scattering, and diffraction are presented with many examples. These propagation mechanisms give rise to level of coverage and interference experienced in any wireless network, and, in urban environments, it is shown how the radar cross-section and ray tracing models can give accurate prediction of large-scale path loss in a mobile communication system. Shadowing is also considered, and the log-normal distribution is found to describe the shadowing about the distance-dependent mean signal level. Statistical approaches to quantifying outage are provided.

Chapter 10 highlights the evolution of the circuit-switched telephone network to the all-digital cellular network. The details of the world's most popular switching network during the growth phase of the wireless industry, System Switching number 7 (SS7) is described in detail, and the introduction and use of asychronous packet switching and the X.25 protocol in the wireless network are demonstrated.The networking architectures for the first, second, and third generations of global cellular networks (e.g., 1G, 2G, and 3G) are presented. Examples of early paging and mobile network architectures are also presented, to clearly illustrate the evolutionary nature of digital packet data within the global cellular network architecture.

In this chapter, differences between magnetic communication and electromagnetic wave-based communication are summarized and major advantages of magnetic communication are discussed, which provides a big picture of the applicable scenarios of magnetic communication. In addition, the physical circuit for magnetic communications is introduced. The fundamental performance metrics, such as path loss, bandwidth, capacity, and connectivity are discussed.

This chapter initially explains how dependencies are established when at least a part of an infrastructure system requires the provision of the service to function. Although the focus is on functional dependencies, this chapter also explores physical and conditional dependencies. Resilience metrics presented in previous chapters are broadened in order to represent the effect of dependencies on resilience levels. Dependencies established within an infrastructure system are also explained. The concept of buffer as a local storage of the resources related to the depending service is defined as part of these expanded metrics, and then it is exemplified by examining a practical application of such buffers: power plants for information and communication network (ICN) sites. After introducing the main concepts and ideas related to dependencies, this chapter takes a broader view by discussing interdependencies when those are established both directly and indirectly. The study of interdependencies for electric power grids and ICN also explores the relationship with other infrastructures, such as transportation networks and water distribution systems, and with community social systems.

The increased interest that the topic of critical infrastructure resilience is attracting in academia, government, commerce, services, and industry is creating an alternative engineering field that could be called resilience engineering. However, the views of the meaning of resilience have varied, and even in some very relevant world languages, an exact translation of the word “resilience” has only recently been introduced – for example, the word “resiliencia” was added to the dictionary of the Royal Academy of Spanish Language in 2014 – or it still does not exist, as happens in Japanese. Thus, this chapter introduces the main concepts associated with the study of resilience engineering applicable to critical infrastructure systems with a focus on electric power grids and information and communication networks (ICNs) because these are the infrastructures that are identified as “uniquely critical” in US Presidential Policy Directive 21, which is the source for the definition of resilience that is used in this book.

Although today’s power grids have their own sensing and control communications infrastructure in dedicated networks operating separate from the publicly used information and communication networks (ICNs), technological advances may lead to more integrated electric power and ICN infrastructures. Some of the motivating technological changes that may act as catalysts for such increased integration of both infrastructures include the need for much higher power supply resilience for ICN sites, development of an “Internet of Things,” and the increased communication needs for electric power devices at users’ homes or at the power distribution level of the grid as part of power systems’ evolution into “smarter” grids. Hence, this chapter explores the implications in terms of resilience of integrated electric power and ICN infrastructures. In particular, the use of integrated power management to facilitate the use of renewable energy sources is discussed. Fundamental concepts about cybersecurity are also presented.