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Many problems arise in stress analysis which are not reasonably susceptible to mathematical treatment. Recourse may then be had to experimental methods. One of the most useful of these is the photoelastic method. This method is based upon the fact that transparent materials when stressed undergo changes in their optical properties which can be measured and related to the applied stress.
In parallel with the work undertaken at the University of Southampton on the study of the noise from subsonic jets, a further investigation has been made into the noise from supersonic or choked jets. Whereas in the former case the noise is due to the turbulent velocity fluctuations and thus contains a wide spectrum of random frequencies, the latter case contains, in addition to this wide spectrum, noise caused by turbulence-shock wave inter-action.
Once the critical pressure ratio of a jet has been attained, i.e. that pressure ratio which produces sonic or supersonic flow in the jet pipe just before the orifice, the structure of the jet depends crucially upon the nozzle shape.
A new concept is put forward which should help materially in the design of engine test cells and ground mufflers. It is suggested that a relatively small spreader can be added behind a jet nozzle which changes, the shape of the jet from circular to a long annular slot. The frequency rise which may be obtained in this way is used to reduce low frequency noise, possibly at the expense of more easily attenuated high frequency noise. As a modest example, tests are described on one particular version which gives an attenuation in the most important low frequency range of nearly 20 decibels. It is shown that the back pressure on the engine is negligible even with a cooling flow equal to the engine mass flow. Other applications are discussed and tested, while suggestions for full scale installations are made.
It is unnecessary to enlarge on the importance of the fuels used in aviation in a paper before this Society. Not only is fuel quality the most important individual factor to be considered in the economics of civil aviation, but engine development, aircraft design and performance depend upon it.
An apology is offered, in view of the title of the paper, that as it is barely possible in the confines of a single paper to deal adequately with the volatile fuels (known as petrols and gasolines) used in the normal carburettor or homogeneous charge engines, other types of fuels have necessarily been omitted.