The chapter covers subwavelength-localized optical fields and their interaction with matter. Localized fields contain evanescent waves, which decay exponentially away from their source region. To study the interaction of localized fields with matter, we introduce field-confining structures known as optical probes. To interact effectively with the sample, these optical probes are placed within the range of the evanescent waves and raster-scanned across the sample, a technique known as near-field optical microscopy. Given that optical probes inevitably interact with the sample, we start out with a series expansion of these probe–sample interactions, gaining insights into their nature and strength. We then discuss fundamental aspects of light confinement concepts and the corresponding optical probes, such as subwavelength apertures and resonant scatterers. This includes an exploration of how different probe designs influence the probe performance. Finally, we address probe–sample distance control and categorize various realizations of near-field optical microscopes according to the leading terms of the interaction series. This categorization helps to differentiate between different types of microscopes and their specific applications, providing a comprehensive overview of the field.

In this chapter, the coupling of IBMs with turbulence and wall models is discussed to provide the reader with a guideline to apply these methods to high Reynolds number flows. In fact, is this context, the small thickness of the flow boundary layer, combined with the impossibility to benefit from a wall-normal mesh refinement, challenges the use of IBMs unless additional models are used at the wall.

The possibility to resort to adaptive wall refinement is presented, although it is also shown that it can be combined only with RANS models.

Dedicated to a new class of wideband antenna, significantly developed over the past two decades, this book is the ultimate reference on magnetoelectric dipole antennas. The author is world-renowned for his pioneering work on antennas and has continuously developed the magnetoelectric dipole antenna since 2006. With contributions from the author and his students as well as results from research groups worldwide, the development of this novel antenna is fully captured. The theory and design are presented step-by-step, using simple technical explanations, making the contents accessible to readers without specialized training in antenna designs. Including the various applications of the antenna such as communications, global positioning, sensing, radar, medical imaging, and IoT, this book endeavors to demonstrate the versatility and interdisciplinarity of the antennas.

Major techniques for enhancing the bandwidth of magnetoelectric (ME) dipoles available in the literature are reviewed and discussed. Designs with single-input port and differential input ports are reported. Hopefully, it can help the readers to appreciate the beauty of these interesting designs and inspire innovative designs for future applications.

As the textbook is concerned with the application of immersed boundary methods for complex flow simulations, some general preliminary considerations are necessary in order to make the book self-consistent.

Basic concepts about fluids, their governing equations and the fundamentals relating to numerical integration are introduced and discussed.

Using a simple numerical example of the flow around a square cylinder, the relation between spatial numerical resolution and smallest flow scale is introduced and explained in connection with the successive requirements of immersed boundary methods.

A final discussion of the concepts of verification and validation of a numerical model closes the chapter.

In this chapter, techniques for size reduction of the magnetoelectric dipole available in the literature are reviewed. The relative advantages of employing the folded patch technique, dielectric-loaded method, and the metamaterial-loaded approach are compared. Designs with single-input port and differential input ports are also reviewed. Hopefully, possible new techniques will be achieved by readers after reviewing all these interesting designs.

When the flow and immersed object dynamics are two-way coupled, the problem is a fluid-structure interaction and additional changes are necessary to implement immersed boundary methods. Depending on the coupling between flow and structure solvers (loose or strong), the nature of the structure (rigid or deformable body) and the specific solution algorithms, several possibilities are available and this chapter aims at providing insights to guide the choice.

The performance of the basic linearly polarized magnetoelectric dipole is reviewed in detail to prepare the readers to appreciate other sophisticated designs in the chapters to follow. A new equivalent circuit of the antenna is given, which is different from the previous one proposed in the literature. The current density distributions on the antenna surfaces are provided to help understand the operating principle of the magnetoelectric antenna. The effect of ground plane size and sidewall height on the radiation patterns is given. Finally, a design guideline is suggested.

Substantial amount of work on the development of ME dipoles has been published by the originator’s group and other researchers and scholars over the past decade. It is now the appropriate time to review those findings and put those useful designs into appropriate perspectives. After providing the necessary background in understanding the importance of the ME dipoles in this introductory chapter, the detailed design guideline and performance of various ME dipoles with different characteristics will be presented and discussed in the chapters to follow.

This chapter is devoted to numerical examples and applications intended as tutorials for the interested reader. The possibility to download and use a computer code together with the book is given, and some of the described examples can be replicated using the provided code. The examples are of increasing complexity and they range from simple two-dimensional flows up to complex three-dimensional problems with fluid-structure interaction.

A detailed description of the computer code is also included in order to allow the readers to quickly get acquainted with the method and allow them to modify it according to their needs.