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1562 results in RF and microwave engineering

Page 20 of 79

Nonlinear Circuit Simulation and Modeling
  • Fundamentals for Microwave Design
  • José Carlos Pedro, David E. Root, Jianjun Xu, Luís Cótimos Nunes
  • Published online:
    07 June 2018
    Print publication:
    14 June 2018
  • Discover the nonlinear methods and tools needed to design real-world microwave circuits with this tutorial guide. Balancing theoretical background with practical tools and applications, it covers everything from the basic properties of nonlinear systems such as gain compression, intermodulation and harmonic distortion, to nonlinear circuit analysis and simulation algorithms, and state-of-the-art equivalent circuit and behavioral modeling techniques. Model formulations discussed in detail include time-domain transistor compact models and frequency-domain linear and nonlinear scattering models. Learn how to apply these tools to designing real circuits with the help of a power amplifier design example, which covers all stages from active device model extraction and the selection of bias and terminations, through to performance verification. Realistic examples, illustrative insights and clearly conveyed mathematical formalism make this an essential learning aid for both professionals working in microwave and RF engineering and graduate students looking for a hands-on guide to microwave circuit design.

Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits and Systems
  • Hooman Darabi
  • Published online:
    28 May 2018
    Print publication:
    16 April 2015
  • Focusing on the core topics of radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and system design, this textbook provides the in-depth coverage and detailed mathematical analyses needed to gain a thorough understanding of the subject. Throughout, theory is linked to practice with real-world application examples; practical design guidance is also offered, covering the pros and cons of various topologies, and preparing students for future work in industry. Written for graduate courses on RFICs, this uniquely intuitive and practical book will also be of value to practising RFIC and system designers. Key topics covered include RF components, signals and systems, two-ports, noise, distortion, low-noise amplifiers, mixers, oscillators, power amplifiers, and transceiver architectures. Lecture slides and a solutions manual for instructors are provided online to complete the course package.

Radio Systems Engineering
  • Steven W. Ellingson
  • Published online:
    28 May 2018
    Print publication:
    06 October 2016
  • Using a systems framework, this textbook provides a clear and comprehensive introduction to the performance, analysis and design of radio systems for students and practising engineers. Presented within a consistent framework, the first part of the book describes the fundamentals of the subject: propagation, noise, antennas and modulation. The analysis and design of radios, including RF circuit design and signal processing, is covered in the second half of the book. The former is presented with minimal involvement of Smith charts, enabling students to grasp the fundamentals more readily. Both traditional and software-defined/direct sampling technology are described, with pros and cons of each strategy explained. Numerous examples within the text involve realistic analysis and design activities, and emphasize how practical experiences may differ from theory or taught procedures. End-of-chapter problems are provided, as are a password-protected solutions manual and lecture slides to complete the teaching package for instructors.

Microwave and RF Vacuum Electronic Power Sources
  • Richard G. Carter
  • Published online:
    27 April 2018
    Print publication:
    12 April 2018
  • Do you design and build vacuum electron devices, or work with the systems that use them? Quickly develop a solid understanding of how these devices work with this authoritative guide, written by an author with over fifty years of experience in the field. Rigorous in its approach, it focuses on the theory and design of commercially significant types of gridded, linear-beam, crossed-field and fast-wave tubes. Essential components such as waveguides, resonators, slow-wave structures, electron guns, beams, magnets and collectors are also covered, as well as the integration and reliable operation of devices in microwave and RF systems. Complex mathematical analysis is kept to a minimum, and Mathcad worksheets supporting the book online aid understanding of key concepts and connect the theory with practice. Including coverage of primary sources and current research trends, this is essential reading for researchers, practitioners and graduate students working on vacuum electron devices.

  • 5 - Thermionic Diodes

  • Richard G. Carter, Lancaster University
  • Book:
    Microwave and RF Vacuum Electronic Power Sources
    Published online:
    27 April 2018
    Print publication:
    12 April 2018, pp 190-223

  • Summary

    The basis of nearly all types of vacuum tube is the diode in which the electrons emitted by thermionic emission from a cathode are attracted to a positively charged anode. The current through the diode increases as the emitted current increases until it is limited by the negative space-charge of the electrons. The properties of planar, cylindrical and spherical space-charge limited diodes are discussed including the effects of relativity and of the initial thermal velocities of the electrons. When the voltage applied to the anode varies rapidly with time a static solution is no longer valid and transit-time effects must be considered. The properties of diodes in which the electrons are injected with a finite velocity and those in which the electron flow is two-dimensional are reviewed.

  • 15 - Magnetrons

  • Richard G. Carter, Lancaster University
  • Book:
    Microwave and RF Vacuum Electronic Power Sources
    Published online:
    27 April 2018
    Print publication:
    12 April 2018, pp 565-628

  • Summary

    In a magnetron oscillator electrons emitted from a cylindrical cathode interact with the π-mode resonance of a cylindrical, re-entrant, slow-wave structure on the anode. The electrons move under the influence of a radial static electric field and an axial magnetic field. Rotating spokes of charge synchronous with the wave on the anode are formed on the surface of a space-charge hub. As the electrons drift outwards along the spokes the change in potential energy is converted to r.f. energy with high efficiency. Because a magnetron is an oscillator its steady-state operation is always non-linear. Care must be taken in the design of the anode and in the operation of the tube to avoid excitation of modes other than the π-mode. The design of the anode is considered in detail. The performance of magnetrons is reviewed including the effects of the external match on frequency, power output and efficiency. Useful understanding of the properties of a magnetron can be gained from a model which assumes a fixed hub, determined by the theory of the cut-off magnetron diode, and rigid spokes. This model reproduces all the main features of the performance of a magnetron.

  • 17 - Fast-Wave Devices

  • Richard G. Carter, Lancaster University
  • Book:
    Microwave and RF Vacuum Electronic Power Sources
    Published online:
    27 April 2018
    Print publication:
    12 April 2018, pp 659-693

  • Summary

    Fast-wave devices employ interactions between modes of propagation in a smooth waveguide whose phase velocity is greater than the velocity of light and electron beams which are periodic so that synchronous interaction is possible. The most important type of tube is the gyrotron (electron cyclotron maser) in which the electrons moving in orbits under the influence of a longitudinal magnetic field interact with a transverse electric (TE) waveguide mode. The small-signal theory of gyrotrons reveals the synchronous conditions for the gyrotron oscillator, the gyro-klystron, -TWT and -BWO and the cyclotron auto-resonance maser (CARM). A simple non-linear model is described which can reproduce the main features of the performance of a gyrotron oscillator. The principles of the design of gyrotron oscillators and amplifiers are reviewed. There is a brief discussion of the principles of operation of the peniotron and the ubitron (free electron laser).

  • 9 - Electron Guns

  • Richard G. Carter, Lancaster University
  • Book:
    Microwave and RF Vacuum Electronic Power Sources
    Published online:
    27 April 2018
    Print publication:
    12 April 2018, pp 317-351

  • Summary

    A linear electron beam is formed by an electron gun which is a diode in which the electrons pass through an aperture in the anode without interception. The Pierce gun for generating a cylindrical beam is based on a spherical space-charge limited diode. A non-emitting focusing electrode, which is a continuation of the cathode, and the anode nose are so shaped that the electrons flow in a convergent cone. The angle of convergence is reduced by the lens action of the anode aperture and by space-charge forces. The design of Pierce guns is discussed in detail including the effects of thermal velocities and the shaping of the magnetic field as the beam enters a magnetic focusing system. Pierce guns can also be designed for hollow beams and sheet beams. The current in the beam can be controlled by a grid or a modulating anode. In a Kino gun a planar, cut-off, magnetron diode is used for injecting a sheet beam into a crossed-field focusing system. The magnetron injection gun, based on a cut-off magnetron diode in which the cathode is a truncated cone, forms a hollow electron beam in the axial direction for injection into a longitudinal magnetic field.

  • 12 - Gridded Tubes

  • Richard G. Carter, Lancaster University
  • Book:
    Microwave and RF Vacuum Electronic Power Sources
    Published online:
    27 April 2018
    Print publication:
    12 April 2018, pp 433-465

  • Summary

    Gridded tubes use a control grid close to the cathode to modulate the electron current. In triodes and tetrodes the modulated current is collected by the anode and passes through the output resonant circuit. The amplification is class A if current flows at all times, class B is it flows for half the r.f. cycle and class C if less than half a cycle. The gain is reduced and the efficiency increases as the conduction time decreases. The design and construction of triodes and tetrodes and of amplifiers incorporating them is discussed. In an inductive output tube (IOT) a bunched electron beam is formed by a gridded electron gun. The bunched beam is passed through a gap in a cavity resonator which extracts r.f. power from the bunches. The design of IOTs and examples of their application are discussed.

  • 10 - Electron Collectors and Cooling

  • Richard G. Carter, Lancaster University
  • Book:
    Microwave and RF Vacuum Electronic Power Sources
    Published online:
    27 April 2018
    Print publication:
    12 April 2018, pp 352-374

  • Summary

    The spent electron beam in an electron tube carries power which must be dissipated safely as heat. In gridded tubes, magnetrons and most CFAs the power is dissipated on the anode. In linear-beam tubes and gyrotrons the beam is allowed to expand to give a reduced power density on a separate collector electrode. In every case the surface temperature must be low enough to avoid physical damage or out-gassing of the collector surface. The collecting electrode may be cooled by conduction, air or liquid flow or liquid boiling. The power dissipated in the collector of a linear-beam tube can be reduced by using a multi-element depressed collector in which the collecting electrodes are held at negative potentials with respect to the body of the tube. In these collectors it is necessary to ensure that the performance is not reduced by the emission of secondary electrons. The design of collectors is discussed including the effect of the distribution of velocities in the spent electron beam.

  • 4 - Slow-Wave Structures

  • Richard G. Carter, Lancaster University
  • Book:
    Microwave and RF Vacuum Electronic Power Sources
    Published online:
    27 April 2018
    Print publication:
    12 April 2018, pp 134-189

  • Summary

    Wide bandwidth vacuum tubes employ the interaction between a travelling electromagnetic wave and a stream of electrons. The electromagnetic structures must support electromagnetic waves whose phase velocity is less than the velocity of light. The essential properties of uniform slow-wave structures are derived from Maxwell’s equations. Virtually all practical slow-wave structures are periodic in space and their properties can be investigated using equivalent circuits. The r.f. electric field of the structure which interacts with the electrons can be expanded as a set of space harmonics using Fourier analysis. The properties of planar slow-wave structures in the form of meander and ladder lines can be explored using equivalent circuits whose parameters have been calculated from static field solutions. The properties of helix slow-wave structures can be understood using solutions of Maxwell’s equations but it is difficult to get accurate numerical results in this way. A simple alternative, which yields useful results, is to use equivalent circuit analysis similar to that for planar structures. This method can also be applied to the ring-bar structure. High power structures based on folded waveguides and coupled cavities can be modelled using equivalent circuits. Methods of measuring the properties of slow-wave structures are discussed.

  • 14 - Travelling-Wave Tubes

  • Richard G. Carter, Lancaster University
  • Book:
    Microwave and RF Vacuum Electronic Power Sources
    Published online:
    27 April 2018
    Print publication:
    12 April 2018, pp 507-564

  • Summary

    In a travelling-wave tube amplifier (TWT) a linear electron beam interacts with the longitudinal r.f. electric field of a slow-wave structure. Approximate synchronism between the electrons and the wave on the structure is maintained over a wide band of frequencies in low power tubes using helix slow-wave structures. High power tubes using coupled-cavity structures have narrower bandwidths. The structure is divided into two or more sections by severs to prevent feedback oscillations in high gain tubes. The initial velocity of the electrons is slightly greater than the phase velocity of the wave on the structure. The mean velocity of the electrons decreases as some of their kinetic energy is transferred to the wave and the beam becomes bunched. The power output saturates when the velocity of the bunches is equal to the velocity of the wave. The saturated output power can be increased by tapering the output end structure to reduce its phase velocity. Small- and large-signal modelling gives understanding of the principles of operation of a TWT including the factors affecting efficiency. The design of TWTs for octave bandwidth, multi-octave bandwidth, high efficiency, millimetre wave, and high power operation is considered in detail. Hybrid tubes are considered briefly.

  • 18 - Emission and Breakdown Phenomena

  • Richard G. Carter, Lancaster University
  • Book:
    Microwave and RF Vacuum Electronic Power Sources
    Published online:
    27 April 2018
    Print publication:
    12 April 2018, pp 694-734

  • Summary

    Electron and X-ray emission and voltage breakdown caused by static, pulsed, and radio-frequency electric fields are important for the operation of vacuum tubes and also set limits to their performance. The physical principles of thermionic, field enhance, field, photo-electric and secondary electron emission from solid surfaces and the generation of X-rays are reviewed. The construction and properties of the principal types of thermionic cathode are described together with a brief review of cold cathodes employing field emission. Voltage breakdown may occur in vacuum tubes both inside and outside the vacuum envelope and through insulators. The physics of each type of electrostatic breakdown are reviewed. The theory of r.f. vacuum breakdown (multipactor) is discussed in detail both with and without the presence of a static magnetic field revealing the conditions under which a discharge may occur.

Page 20 of 79