Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-6766d58669-6mz5d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-05-24T21:17:34.467Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

12 - Gridded Tubes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 April 2018

Richard G. Carter
Richard G. Carter
Affiliation:
Lancaster University
Get access

Summary

Gridded tubes use a control grid close to the cathode to modulate the electron current. In triodes and tetrodes the modulated current is collected by the anode and passes through the output resonant circuit. The amplification is class A if current flows at all times, class B is it flows for half the r.f. cycle and class C if less than half a cycle. The gain is reduced and the efficiency increases as the conduction time decreases. The design and construction of triodes and tetrodes and of amplifiers incorporating them is discussed. In an inductive output tube (IOT) a bunched electron beam is formed by a gridded electron gun. The bunched beam is passed through a gap in a cavity resonator which extracts r.f. power from the bunches. The design of IOTs and examples of their application are discussed.

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Microwave and RF Vacuum Electronic Power Sources , pp. 433 - 465
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Dow, W. G., Fundamentals of Engineering Electronics. New York: John Wiley, 1937.Google Scholar
Beck, A. H. W., Thermionic Valves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953.Google Scholar
Burnap, R. S., Electron Tube Design. Harrison, NJ: Radio Corporation of America, 1962.Google Scholar
Gewartowski, J. W. and Watson, H. A., Principles of Electron Tubes. Princeton, NJ: D. van Nostrand Co. Inc., 1965.Google Scholar
Spangenberg, K. R., Vacuum Tubes. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1948.Google Scholar
Yingst, T. E. et al., ‘High-power gridded tubes – 1972’, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 61, pp. 357–381, 1973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haeff, A. V. and Nergaard, L. S., ‘A wide-band inductive-output amplifier’, Proceedings of the IRE, vol. 28, pp. 126–130, 1940.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preist, D. and Shrader, M., ‘The klystrode – an unusual transmitting tube with potential for UHF-TV’, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 70, pp. 1318–1325, 1982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, R. G., ‘Acceleration technologies for charged particles: an introduction’, Contemporary Physics, vol. 52, pp. 15–41, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, R. G., ‘R.F. power generation’, in R. Bailey, ed., Proceedings of the CERN Accelerator School ‘RF for Accelerators’, 8–17 June 2010, Ebeltoft, Denmark, Geneva: CERN, pp. 173–207, 2011.Google Scholar
Carter, R. G., ‘Review of RF power sources for particle accelerators’, in Turner, S., ed., CERN Accelerator School: RF Engineering for Particle Accelerators, vol. 1. Geneva: CERN, pp. 269–300, 1992.Google Scholar
Siemens, Transmitting Tubes Data Book 1986/87. Siemens AG, 1986.Google Scholar
Bennett, W. P., ‘Large-power-tube design, processing and testing’, in Burnap, R. S., ed., Electron Tube Design. Harrison, NJ: RCA, pp. 763–791, 1962.Google Scholar
Sokal, N. O., ‘RF power amplifiers, classes A through S-how they operate, and when to use each’, in Electronics Industries Forum of New England, 1997. Professional Program Proceedings, pp. 179–252, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raab, F. H. et al., ‘Power amplifiers and transmitters for RF and microwave’, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 50, pp. 814–826, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kostic, S. et al., ‘Increasing efficiency and output power of HFHPTA by injection of two harmonics’, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol. 47, pp. 32–37, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
EIMAC, Care and Feeding of Power Grid Tubes, 5th ed. San Carlos, CA: CPI Inc. Eimac Division, 2003.Google Scholar
Gerlach, P. and Kalfon, C., ‘New technologies in power-grid tubes and their impact in high-power UHF-TV operation’, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 70, pp. 1335–1345, 1982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rheaume, R. H., ‘A coaxial power triode for 50-kW output up to 110 Mc’, Proceedings of the IRE, vol. 40, pp. 1033–1037, 1952.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Machlett Laboratories Inc., ‘ML-5681 Data Sheet’, 1962.Google Scholar
Bull, C. S., ‘The alignment of grids in thermionic valves’, Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers – Part III: Radio and Communication Engineering, vol. 92, pp. 86–92, 1945.Google Scholar
McNees, S. G., ‘Two megawatts RF power tetrode’, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. NS-20, pp. 422–423, 1973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kusunose, Y., ‘Calculation of characteristics and the design of triodes’, Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, vol. 17, pp. 1706–1749, 1929.Google Scholar
Scholz, L. C., ‘Calculation of fields and currents’, in R.S. Burnap, ed., Electron Tube Design. Harrison, NJ: Radio Corporation of America, pp. 159–201, 1962.Google Scholar
Faillon, G., ‘Technical and industrial overview of RF and microwave tubes for fusion’, Fusion Engineering and Design, vol. 46, pp. 371–381, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clerc, G. et al., ‘A new generation of gridded tubes for higher power and higher frequencies’, in Particle Accelerator Conference, Vancouver, BC, pp. 2899–2901, 1997.Google Scholar
Carter, R. G., ‘R.F. Generation’, in Bailey, R., ed., High Power Hadron Machines: CERN-2013-001. Geneva: CERN, pp. 45–69, 2013.Google Scholar
Herdrich, W. and Kindermann, H. P., ‘RF power amplifier for the CERN SPS operating as LEP injector’, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. NS-32, pp. 2794–2796, October 1985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
EIMAC, ‘Tube performance computer for RF amplifiers’, CPI Inc., 1969.Google Scholar
EEV, ‘Preamble – Tetrodes’. Chelmsford, UK: Teledyne e2v, 1976.Google Scholar
Kindermann, H. P. et al., ‘The RF power plant of the SPS’, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. NS-30, pp. 3414–3416, August 1983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fujisawa, T. et al., ‘The radiofrequency system of the RIKEN ring cyclotron’, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 292, pp. 1–11, 1990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, R. G., ‘Simple model of an inductive output tube’, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. ED-57, pp. 720–725, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symons, R. S., ‘The constant efficiency amplifier’, in Annual Broadcasting Engineering Conference, pp. 523–530, 1997.Google Scholar
Bohlen, H. et al., ‘Inductive output tubes for particle accelerators’, in European Particle Accelerator Conference, Lucerne, Switzerland, pp. 1111–1113, 2004.Google Scholar
Bohlen, H. et al., ‘IOT RF power sources for pulsed and cw linacs’, in LINAC 2004, Luebeck, Germany, pp. 574–577, 2004.Google Scholar
Heppinstall, R. and Clayworth, G., ‘The inductive output tube’, EBU Technical Review, pp. 43–52, 1997.Google Scholar
Heppinstall, R. and Clayworth, G., ‘The inductive output tube – a modern UHF amplifier for the terrestrial television transmitter’, GEC Review, vol. 13, pp. 76–85, 1998.Google Scholar
Zaidman, E. G. and Kodis, M. A., ‘Emission gated device issues’, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 38, pp. 2221–2228, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nguyen, K. et al., ‘Analysis of the 425-MHz klystrode’, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 38, pp. 2212–2220, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
True, R., ‘Calculation and design of grids in Pierce guns’, in 1989 International Electron Devices Meeting, IEDM ‘89, pp. 215–218, 1989.Google Scholar
Welch, J., ‘Results from the SLAC Lasertron’, NASA STI/Recon Technical Report N, vol. 88, p. 26647, 1988.Google Scholar
Shrader, M. et al., ‘Pre-bunched beam devices: efficient sources of UHF and microwave power’, in International Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 342–345, 1985.Google Scholar
Garwin, E. et al., ‘An experimental program to build a multimegawatt lasertron for super linear colliders’, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 32, pp. 2906–2908, 1985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kodis, M. A. et al., ‘Operation and optimization of gated field emission arrays in inductive output amplifiers’, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, vol. 24, pp. 970–981, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilsen, C. et al., ‘Gridless IOT for accelerator applications’, in IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference, pp. 2556–2558, 2007.Google Scholar
Yates, C. et al., ‘Performance results of a 1.3 GHz 100 kW CW IOT’, in IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference, Monterey, CA, pp. 107–108, 2014.Google Scholar
Preist, D. H. and Shrader, M. B., ‘A high-power Klystrode with potential for space application’, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 38, pp. 2205–2211, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schütt, P. et al., ‘Computer simulations of inductive output tubes’, in European Particle Accelerator Conference, pp. 1233–1235, 1998.Google Scholar
Freund, H. P. et al., ‘Time-domain simulation of inductive output tubes’, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, vol. 35, pp. 1081–1088, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preist, D., ‘Prospects for very high power high efficiency RF generators’, in Microwave and Optical Generation and Amplification, Cambridge, UK, pp. 146–150, 1966.Google Scholar
Bohlen, H. et al., ‘Ways to decrease high-voltage requirements in high-power microwave tubes’, in Displays and Vacuum Electronics, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, pp. 269–273, 1998.Google Scholar
Bohlen, H., ‘Inductive output tubes: history and present status’, in Displays and Vacuum Electronics, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, pp. 93–98, 2001.Google Scholar
Kim, H. S. and Uhm, H. S., ‘Analytical calculations and comparison with numerical data for annular klystrode’, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, vol. 29, pp. 875–880, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ives, L. et al., ‘12.2: A 350 MHz, 200 kW CW, multiple beam IOT’, in IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference (IVEC), Monterey, CA, pp. 215–216, 2010.Google Scholar
Wright, E. et al., ‘High-power multiple-beam IOT design’, in IEEE Thirteenth International Vacuum Electronics Conference (IVEC), Monterey, CA, pp. 143–144, 2012.Google Scholar
Yates, C. et al., ‘Performance characteristics of an MSDC IOT amplifier’, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 48, pp. 116–121, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symons, R. et al., ‘Prototype constant-efficiency amplifiers’, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol. 47, pp. 147–152, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orrett, J. et al., ‘IOT testing at the ERLP’, in European Particle Accelerator Conference, Edinburgh, Scotland, pp. 1382–1384, 2006.Google Scholar
Wheelhouse, A., ‘Improved 1.3 GHz inductive output tube for particle accelerators’, in European Particle Accelerator Conference, Edinburgh, Scotland, pp. 1373–1375, 2006.Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

Accessibility compliance for the HTML of this chapter is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Gridded Tubes
  • Richard G. Carter, Lancaster University
  • Book: Microwave and RF Vacuum Electronic Power Sources
  • Online publication: 27 April 2018
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9780511979231.013
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Gridded Tubes
  • Richard G. Carter, Lancaster University
  • Book: Microwave and RF Vacuum Electronic Power Sources
  • Online publication: 27 April 2018
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9780511979231.013
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Gridded Tubes
  • Richard G. Carter, Lancaster University
  • Book: Microwave and RF Vacuum Electronic Power Sources
  • Online publication: 27 April 2018
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9780511979231.013
Available formats
×