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The Nyquist stability criterion ushers the advanced student into a truly deep understanding of feedback theory. To master this concept, a student needs two tools from the mathematics of complex analysis: conformal mapping and Cauchy's principle of the argument. In keeping with the goal of making this guide completely self-contained, a few pages of Chapter 4 are devoted to these topics.Afterward, we dive fully into theNyquist criterion and show how it relates to phase margin. A few examples of Nyquist plots (using Bode plots as a guide) are also given in this chapter.
The purpose of this chapter is to further ground feedback theory in real applications with which thereader already has a great deal of real-world experience. The first section of this chapter deals with a cooling system for a room, and the second section treats the howling public address system.
This is a book about classical feedback control, complete with a review of the linear system theory that can be a stumbling block for many interested in feedback. The author had four groups of people in mind when writng this book.The first group comprises struggling undergraduates who despair of moving forward because too many things simply do not make any conceptual sense. The second group are the star test takers who find that they must put all that they learned out of their heads and rely on an entirely different set of skills to build physical systems, and who wonder why this is. The third group are the young graduate students preparing for their doctoral qualifying exams and find that a deeper level of insight is called for than was needed in their undergraduate years. And the final group are the successful professional practitioners who have made themselves very effective despite a secret unease with the physical foundations of their field.If you fall into one or more of these categories, or if you are simply curious, this book is for you.
Do you need to understand feedback? Perhaps you're a little rusty on theory basics? Dig in to this self-contained guide for an accessible and concise explanation of the fundamentals. Distills the relevant essence of linear system theory, calculus, differential equations, linear algebra, basic physics, numerical methods, and complex analysis, and links them back to an explanation of feedback theory. Provides a tight synthesis of analytical and conceptual understanding. Maintains a focus on common use cases. Whether you are a struggling undergraduate, a doctoral student preparing for your qualifying exams, or an industry practitioner, this easy-to-understand book invites you to relax, enjoy the material, and follow your curiosity.
This updated and expanded new edition equips students with a thorough understanding of the state-of-the-art in radio frequency (RF) design and the practical knowledge and skills needed in industry. Introductory and advanced topics are covered in-depth, with clear step-by-step explanations, including core topics such as RF components, signals and systems, two-ports, noise, distortion, low-noise amplifiers, power amplifiers, and transceiver architectures. New material has been added on wave propagation, skin effect, antennas, mixers and oscillators, and digital PAs and transmitters. Two new chapters detail the analysis and design of RF and IF filters (including SAW and FBAR duplexers and N-path filters), phase-locked loops, frequency synthesizers, digital PLLs, and frequency dividers. Theory is linked to practice through real-world applications, practical design examples, and exploration of the pros and cons of various topologies. Over 250 homework problems are included, with solutions and lecture slides for instructors available online. With its uniquely practical and intuitive approach, this is an essential text for graduate courses on RFICs and a useful reference for practicing engineers.
Metamaterials have attracted enormous interests from both physics and engineering communities in the past 20 years, owing to their powerful ability in manipulating electromagnetic waves. However, the functionalities of traditional metamaterials are fixed at the time of fabrication. To control the EM waves dynamically, active components are introduced to the meta-atoms, yielding active metamaterials. Recently, a special kind of active metamaterials, digital coding and programmable metamaterials, are proposed, which can achieve dynamically controllable functionalities using field programmable gate array (FPGA). Most importantly, the digital coding representations of metamaterials set up a bridge between the digital world and physical world, and allow metamaterials to process digital information directly, leading to information metamaterials. In this Element, we review the evolution of information metamaterials, mainly focusing on their basic concepts, design principles, fabrication techniques, experimental measurement and potential applications. Future developments of information metamaterials are also envisioned.