The importance of field experimental results is emphasized, as well as the necessity to include consideration of time in ice mechanics

Measurements of pressure on fixed structures are reviewed including the Helsinki and JOIA test programmes. The Molikpaq experience and the Hans Island programmes are described in some detail. Loads tend to be concentrated in small areas, as was the case for ship structures (the high-pressure zones). Size effect of ice pressure with regard to ice thickness is discussed; average pressures decrease with ice thickness. The medium scale field indentation programmes are described, covering the Pond Inlet, Rae Point, and Hobsons Choice Ice Island test series. Ice-induced vibrations are introduced; these were observed in the Molikpaq structure and in many indentation tests. The vibrations tended to occur at certain speed ranges, associated with ice crushing. Results of field tests on iceberg failure are also reviewed, in which supporting evidence for layer failure was obtained.

The Appendix contains an outline of the development of Biot-Schapery theory based on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. A brief biography of R. A. Schapery is followed by an exposition of the theory, the use of the modified superposition theory, and the use of J integral to deal with damage processes.

The states of stress in high-pressure zones involve a combinations of volumetric and deviatoric stresses. Modelling of ice behaviour under these states of stress is essential for developing proper mechanics of failure of high-pressure zones. Past triaxial tests are reviewed. There is a lack of information for higher confining pressures. The microstructural changes of microcracking and recrystallization needed to be studied in terms of past stress history. These were addressed in a special series of tests, which showed that microcracking at low confinements causes increase in compliance, which decreases with increasing confinement, but that at higher confinements, pressure softening, associated with melting, results in much increased compliance. Tests in which the activation energy at various confinements was measured using tests at a range of temperatures showed that the addition of pressure to ice resulted in behaviour similar to less confined ice at a higher temperature (pressure–temperature equivalence). Ice is prone to localize and small irregularities are sufficient to trigger this behaviour, as observed in some triaxial tests.

Methods used for sample preparation in the research are described, for triaxial testing and for small-scale indentation in the laboratory.

General principles of design are introduced. The consequences of local and global failure are discussed. The use of codes, in particular ISO 19906, is described. Probabilistic methods and limit-states design for ice loading are emphasized. The Titanic disaster is addressed, emphasizing the cause of failure as being the result of operational failures, not the rivets. High local pressures (high-pressure zones) are associated with the failure of the rivets and plating.

The crystal structure of ice is described, together with the concepts of elasticity and dissipation. The growth of ice on earth is analysed, including the effect of salinity on ice freezing. This leads to definitions of ice types on earth, and to definitions of first year and multiyear ice, as well as icebergs.

Master the principles of structural dynamics with this comprehensive and self-contained textbook, with key theoretical concepts explained through real-world engineering applications.

• The theory of natural modes of vibration, the finite element method, and the dynamic response of structures is balanced with practical applications to give students a thorough contextual understanding of the subject.

• Enhanced coverage of damping, rotating systems, and parametric excitation provides students with superior understanding of these essential topics.

• Examples and homework problems, closely linked to real-world applications, enrich and deepen student understanding.

• Curated mathematical appendices equip students with all the tools necessary to excel, without disrupting coverage of core topics.

• Containing all the material needed for a one- or two-semester course, and accompanied online by MATLAB/Python code, this authoritative textbook is the ideal introduction for graduate students in aerospace, mechanical, and civil engineering.

Master the principles of structural dynamics with this comprehensive and self-contained textbook, with key theoretical concepts explained through real-world engineering applications.

• The theory of natural modes of vibration, the finite element method, and the dynamic response of structures is balanced with practical applications to give students a thorough contextual understanding of the subject.

• Enhanced coverage of damping, rotating systems, and parametric excitation provides students with superior understanding of these essential topics.

• Examples and homework problems, closely linked to real-world applications, enrich and deepen student understanding.

• Curated mathematical appendices equip students with all the tools necessary to excel, without disrupting coverage of core topics.

• Containing all the material needed for a one- or two-semester course, and accompanied online by MATLAB/Python code, this authoritative textbook is the ideal introduction for graduate students in aerospace, mechanical, and civil engineering.

Master the principles of structural dynamics with this comprehensive and self-contained textbook, with key theoretical concepts explained through real-world engineering applications.

• The theory of natural modes of vibration, the finite element method, and the dynamic response of structures is balanced with practical applications to give students a thorough contextual understanding of the subject.

• Enhanced coverage of damping, rotating systems, and parametric excitation provides students with superior understanding of these essential topics.

• Examples and homework problems, closely linked to real-world applications, enrich and deepen student understanding.

• Curated mathematical appendices equip students with all the tools necessary to excel, without disrupting coverage of core topics.

• Containing all the material needed for a one- or two-semester course, and accompanied online by MATLAB/Python code, this authoritative textbook is the ideal introduction for graduate students in aerospace, mechanical, and civil engineering.

Master the principles of structural dynamics with this comprehensive and self-contained textbook, with key theoretical concepts explained through real-world engineering applications.

• The theory of natural modes of vibration, the finite element method, and the dynamic response of structures is balanced with practical applications to give students a thorough contextual understanding of the subject.

• Enhanced coverage of damping, rotating systems, and parametric excitation provides students with superior understanding of these essential topics.

• Examples and homework problems, closely linked to real-world applications, enrich and deepen student understanding.

• Curated mathematical appendices equip students with all the tools necessary to excel, without disrupting coverage of core topics.

• Containing all the material needed for a one- or two-semester course, and accompanied online by MATLAB/Python code, this authoritative textbook is the ideal introduction for graduate students in aerospace, mechanical, and civil engineering.