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Statistical Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach covers in a practical, readily understandable manner the underlying meaning of entropy, temperature and other thermodynamic concepts, the foundations of quantum mechanics, and the physical basis of gas, liquid and solid phase properties. It presents simply the relationship between macroscopic and microscopic thermodynamics. In addition, the molecular basis of transport phenomena and chemical kinetics are explored, as are basic concepts in spectroscopy. Modern computational tools for solving thermodynamic problems are explored, and the student is assured that he or she will gain knowledge of practical usefulness. This essential text is suitable for mechanical or aerospace engineering graduate students who have a strong background in engineering thermodynamics, those entering advanced fields such as combustion, high temperature gas dynamics, environmental sciences, or materials processing, and those who wish to build a background for understanding advanced experimental diagnostic techniques in these or similar fields.
Providing comprehensive coverage, this is the first book to systematically introduce different flow control techniques. With a dedicated chapter for each technique, all of the most important, typical and up-to-date methods are discussed, including the vortex generator, biological techniques, the jet and synthetic jet, the plasma actuator, and closed-loop control. Understand their key characteristics and control mechanisms, and learn about their applications in different fields such as aviation and aerospace, mechanical engineering, and building construction. The necessary background on flow control is provided, including the history of the discipline, and the definition, classification and development of each technique, making this essential reading for graduate students, researchers and engineers working in the field.
In this introductory textbook, thermodynamics is presented as a natural extension of mechanics, so that the laws and concepts learned in mechanics serve to get acquainted with the theory. The foundations of thermodynamics are presented in the first part. The second part covers a wide range of applications, which are of central importance in the fields of physics, chemistry and engineering, including calorimetry, phase transitions, heat engines and chemical reactions. In the third part, devoted to continuous media, Fourier and Fick's laws, diffusion equations and many transport effects are derived using a unified approach. Each chapter concludes with a selection of worked examples and several exercises, to reinforce key concepts under discussion. A full solutions manual is available at the end of the book. It contains more than 150 problems based on contemporary issues faced by scientists and engineers that are solved in detail for undergraduate and graduate students.
The synthetic jet is an efficient active flow control technique that is based on the periodic generation of vortex ring/vortex pair. The influence of different dimensionless parameters, such as Stokes number, Stroke length, and Reynolds number, on the vortex evolution and flow characteristics is first analyzed, and thus the formation condition of the synthetic jet is proposed. A novel synthetic jet actuated by a non-sinusoidal function with variable suction and blowing cycles and a dual synthetic jet actuator are introduced. In addition, numerical models for the synthetic jet are compared. Then, applications of the synthetic jet in various fields, such as flow around a circular cylinder, hump/rump, airfoil, vehicle, and inlet duct, and the use for vectoring control and heat transfer, are introduced in detail, showing effective control ability. Thus, the synthetic jet has great potential applications in engineering, though there are still some pivotal problems that need to be resolved.
The jet is also called the free jet, the steady jet, or the continuous jet, and is one of the conventional flow control techniques used for boundary layer flow control. The fundamental control mechanism is that the jet can enhance momentum mixing between inner and outer boundary layer, which is beneficial for separation delay. In addition, the jet can be used as an approach for circulation control, which can increase the lift coefficient significantly. Thus, the jet has been widely tested in airfoils, wings and aircraft for flow control. Also, the interaction of the jet with free stream can simulate the function of some conventional passive techniques, such as the vortex generator and Gurney flap. However, in comparison with passive techniques, the control techniques based on the jet can be conducted in real-time and unsteady control, which is more robust. Thus, jet flow control shows great potential applications in engineering.
Polymer is a passive but effective control technique for turbulent drag reduction. The applications of polymer in pipe and channel turbulent flow are introduced. It is indicated that the Reynolds number and polymer concentration are the two important parameters to determine the drag reduction of polymer additives, though there is a maximum drag reduction asymptote. For drag reduction cases, the mean velocity distribution in the viscous sublayer is nearly the same as the baseline Newtonian flow, while that at the logarithmic region is shifted upwards with polymer additives. Statistical study of the coherent structures indicates that the drag reduction is usually accompanied with a modification of the near-wall structures. In particular, the coherent structures become weakened, which is beneficial for drag reduction in turbulent flow.
A general introduction to flow control is presented, including the background, classification, and features of various passive and active techniques. The passive methods include Gurney flap, vortex generator, bump, cavity, roughness, small disturbance, bleed, splitter plate, polymer, and biomimetic techniques. The active methods include oscillation and flow perturbation, acoustic excitation, jet, synthetic jet, plasma actuator, and Lorentz force.