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5383 results in Neurosciences

Page 72 of 270

  • 6 - Working Memory

  • Scott D. Slotnick, Boston College, Massachusetts
  • Book:
    Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory
    Published online:
    28 May 2018
    Print publication:
    13 February 2017, pp 108-128

  • Summary

    Learning Objectives

  • • To identify the brain regions that are thought to store the contents of working memory.

  • • To describe how information is coded in early sensory regions during visual working memory.

  • • To list three shortcomings of the evidence or analysis techniques that have been used to associate working memory and the hippocampus.

  • • To compare and contrast the brain activity frequency bands associated with working memory and long-term memory.

  • • To understand what types of changes take place in the brain after extensive training on working memory tasks.

    • Working memory refers to actively holding information in mind during a relatively short period of time, typically seconds (see Chapter 1). Like most long-term memory paradigms, working memory paradigms consist of a study phase, a delay period, and a test phase. During working memory paradigms, information is actively kept in mind during the delay period. Working memory is an explicit process as its contents dominate conscious experience. Working memory has been associated with activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the parietal cortex, and sensory processing regions. Thus, the regions associated with working memory are similar to those associated with long-term memory (see Chapter 3), with the notable absence of medial temporal lobe regions such as the hippocampus. Section 6.1 of this chapter details the brain regions that store the contents of working memory during the delay period. It has long been thought that the contents of working memory are stored in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, but more recent evidence indicates that storage also takes place in early sensory cortical regions such as V1. In section 6.2, the evidence is evaluated that claims to link working memory with the hippocampus. In section 6.3, brain activity associated with working memory that oscillates at particular frequencies is considered, which includes alpha activity and gamma activity. This also mirrors the findings of long-term memory (see Chapter 4), except for the lack of working memory theta activity. Finally, in section 6.4, changes in brain activity are highlighted that have been linked to training-related increases in working memory capacity. These findings suggest that extensive training (e.g., multiple times a week for many weeks) on working memory tasks can produce long-term improvements in behavioral performance, change the way the brain functions for a period well beyond the time of training, and perhaps even increase intelligence.

  • 9 - Explicit Memory and Disease

  • Scott D. Slotnick, Boston College, Massachusetts
  • Book:
    Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory
    Published online:
    28 May 2018
    Print publication:
    13 February 2017, pp 171-195

  • Summary

    Learning Objectives

  • • To describe the changes in brain anatomy and fMRI activity in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment.

  • • To identify the regions of the brain that atrophy in patients with early Alzheimer's disease and learn the proteins that are accumulated in these regions.

  • • To compare the behavioral performance and fMRI activations of mild traumatic brain injury patients and healthy control participants during working memory tasks.

  • • To understand how surgery on medial temporal lobe epilepsy patients has revealed associations between the left medial temporal lobe and the right medial temporal lobe and verbal long-term memory and visual long-term memory.

  • • To specify the location of the hippocampal lesion that causes transient global amnesia.

    • The previous chapters of this book have focused on the neural basis of memory in healthy adults. This chapter discusses five neurological diseases that affect the brain regions associated with explicit memory. Section 9.1 discusses patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. These patients have long-term memory deficits due to atrophy of medial temporal lobe regions including the hippocampus. Within a few years of being diagnosed with amnestic mild cognitive impairment, about half of these individuals are diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, the topic of section 9.2. Patients with early Alzheimer's disease have more severe impairment of long-term memory and atrophy of the medial temporal lobe and the parietal lobe, two regions that have been associated with long-term memory (see Chapter 3). Alzheimer's disease patients also have abnormally high levels of proteins in the medial temporal lobe and the parietal lobe, which is thought to further disrupt processing in these regions. Section 9.3 focuses on patients with mild traumatic brain injury, who typically perform normally on working memory tasks but have increased fMRI activity within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex, relative to healthy control participants. It is generally believed that such increases in fMRI activity reflect compensation, where these regions are recruited to perform normally on the task.

  • 1 - Types of Memory and Brain Regions of Interest

  • Scott D. Slotnick, Boston College, Massachusetts
  • Book:
    Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory
    Published online:
    28 May 2018
    Print publication:
    13 February 2017, pp 1-23

  • Summary

    Learning Objectives

  • • To understand each of the memory types.

  • • To list the brain regions that have been associated with memory.

  • • To describe the effects of removing the medial temporal lobes.

  • • To pinpoint the visual sensory regions in the brain.

  • • To identify the control regions in the brain.

    • Memory enables us to have skills, to communicate with others, to make intelligent decisions, to remember our loved ones, and to know who we are. Although human memory has been studied for over two centuries (Aristotle, 350 BCE), the cognitive neuroscience of memory has only been studied for the last two decades. Section 1.1 of this chapter gives a brief overview of the field of cognitive neuroscience. Cognitive neuroscientists employ techniques that non-invasively track the functioning human brain. Section 1.2 details the fourteen different types of memory. In section 1.3, an overview of human brain anatomy is provided. Commonly known anatomic distinctions such as the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe, and the occipital lobe are reviewed and then more detailed anatomy is discussed. Section 1.4 highlights the importance of the medial temporal lobe in memory, which was discovered in the 1950s when this region was surgically removed from one unfortunate individual. In section 1.5, an overview of brain sensory regions is provided, such as the regions associated with visual perception and auditory perception. When a person remembers detailed information, such as the room they stayed in on their last vacation, the corresponding sensory regions of their brain are reactivated. In section 1.6, the regions of the brain that control memory retrieval are considered, which include part of the frontal cortex, the parietal cortex, and the medial temporal lobe. The final section, 1.7, provides an overview of the organization of this book. This book identifies the brain regions associated with different types of memory and details how activity in these regions changes over time. After the current evidence on the cognitive neuroscience of memory has been reviewed, the final chapter discusses the future of memory research. In the last decade, there have been many advances in understanding the brain mechanisms underlying human memory, but there is much to learn and the next decade promises to be even more exciting.

  • Preface

  • Scott D. Slotnick, Boston College, Massachusetts
  • Book:
    Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory
    Published online:
    28 May 2018
    Print publication:
    13 February 2017, pp xxi-xxii

  • Summary

    The human brain and memory are two of the most complex and fascinating systems in existence. Within the last two decades, the cognitive neuroscience of memory has begun to thrive with the advent of techniques that can non-invasively measure human brain activity with high spatial resolution and high temporal resolution.

    This is the first book to provide a comprehensive treatment of the cognitive neuroscience of memory. It is related to three classes of other books. First, textbooks on cognitive psychology or cognition provide broad overviews of the cognitive psychology of memory and therefore only consider a small fraction of the work on the cognitive neuroscience of memory. Second, textbooks on cognitive neuroscience provide broad overviews of the entire field and also consider only a small fraction of the work on memory. Third, more specialized books on memory focus on the cognitive psychology, the behavioral neuroscience, or the computational modeling of memory rather than the cognitive neuroscience of memory.

    This book highlights temporal processing in the brain. Cognitive neuroscientists predominantly use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify the brain regions associated with a cognitive process. Although fMRI has excellent spatial resolution, this method provides little if any information about the time at which brain regions are active or the way in which different brain regions interact. By emphasizing both spatial and temporal aspects of brain processing, this book provides a complete overview of the cognitive neuroscience of memory and aims to guide the future of memory research.

    Each chapter is written in an accessible style and includes background information and many figures. Debated topics are discussed throughout the text. The most popular view is routinely questioned rather than simply assumed to be correct, as is done in the vast majority of textbooks. In this way, science is depicted as open to question, evolving, and exciting.

    The audience for this book is educated lay people interested in the cognitive neuroscience of memory and undergraduate students, graduate students, and scientists who are interested in a comprehensive up-to-date treatment of this topic. Each chapter includes learning objectives, an introduction, sections on key topics, a summary, review questions, and recommended scientific articles.

Handbook of Psychophysiology
  • 4th edition
  • Edited by John T. Cacioppo, Louis G. Tassinary, Gary G. Berntson
  • Published online:
    27 January 2017
    Print publication:
    15 December 2016
  • The Handbook of Psychophysiology has been the authoritative resource for more than a quarter of a century. Since the third edition was published a decade ago, the field of psychophysiological science has seen significant advances, both in traditional measures such as electroencephalography, event-related brain potentials, and cardiovascular assessments, and in novel approaches and methods in behavioural epigenetics, neuroimaging, psychoneuroimmunology, psychoneuroendocrinology, neuropsychology, behavioural genetics, connectivity analyses, and non-contact sensors. At the same time, a thoroughgoing interdisciplinary focus has emerged as essential to scientific progress. Emphasizing the need for multiple measures, careful experimental design, and logical inference, the fourth edition of the Handbook provides updated and expanded coverage of approaches, methods, and analyses in the field. With state-of-the-art reviews of research in topical areas such as stress, emotion, development, language, psychopathology, and behavioural medicine, the Handbook remains the essential reference for students and scientists in the behavioural, cognitive, and biological sciences.

Page 72 of 270