We generate an algebra on blood phenotypes with multiplication based on the human ABO-blood group inheritance pattern. We assume that gametes are not chosen randomly during meiosis. We investigate some of the properties of this algebra, namely, the set of idempotents, lattice of ideals and the associative enveloping algebra.

A theoretical study of an unsteady two-layered blood flow through a stenosed artery is presented in this article. The geometry of a rigid stenosed artery is assumed to be $w$ -shaped. The flow regime is assumed to be laminar, unsteady and uni-directional. The characteristics of blood are modelled by the generalized Oldroyd-B non-Newtonian fluid model in the core region and a Newtonian fluid model in the periphery region. The governing partial differential equations are derived for each region by using mass and momentum conservation equations. In order to facilitate numerical solutions, the derived differential equations are nondimensionalized. A well-tested explicit finite-difference method (FDM) which is forward in time and central in space is employed for the solution of a nonlinear initial boundary value problem corresponding to each region. Validation of the FDM computations is achieved with a variational finite element method algorithm. The influences of the emerging geometric and rheological parameters on axial velocity, resistance impedance and wall shear stress are displayed graphically. The instantaneous patterns of streamlines are also presented to illustrate the global behaviour of the blood flow. The simulations are relevant to haemodynamics of small blood vessels and capillary transport, wherein rheological effects are dominant.

We would like to present a method to compute the incompatibility operator in any system of curvilinear coordinates (components). The procedure is independent of the metric in the sense that the expression can be obtained by means of the basis vectors only, which are first defined as normal or tangential to the domain boundary, and then extended to the whole domain. It is an intrinsic method, to some extent, since the chosen curvilinear system depends solely on the geometry of the domain boundary. As an application, the in-extenso expression of incompatibility in a spherical system is given.

In oscillatory shear experiments, the values of the storage and loss moduli, $G^{\prime }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})$ and $G^{\prime \prime }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})$ , respectively, are only measured and recorded for a number of values of the frequency $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}$ in some well-defined finite range $[\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{\text{min}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{\text{max}}]$ . In many practical situations, when the range $[\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{\text{min}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{\text{max}}]$ is sufficiently large, information about the associated polymer dynamics can be assessed by simply comparing the interrelationship between the frequency dependence of $G^{\prime }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})$ and $G^{\prime \prime }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})$ . For other situations, the required rheological insight can only be obtained once explicit knowledge about the structure of the relaxation time spectrum $H(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F})$ has been determined through the inversion of the measured storage and loss moduli $G^{\prime }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})$ and $G^{\prime \prime }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})$ . For the recovery of an approximation to $H(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F})$ , in order to cope with the limited range $[\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{\text{min}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{\text{max}}]$ of the measurements, some form of localization algorithm is required. A popular strategy for achieving this is to assume that $H(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F})$ has a separated discrete point mass (Dirac delta function) structure. However, this expedient overlooks the potential information contained in the structure of a possibly continuous $H(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F})$ . In this paper, simple localization algorithms and, in particular, a joint inversion least squares procedure, are proposed for the rapid recovery of accurate approximations to continuous $H(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F})$ from limited measurements of $G^{\prime }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})$ and $G^{\prime \prime }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})$ .

In this paper, we show that the cost of an optimal train journey on level track over a fixed distance is a strictly decreasing and strictly convex function of journey time. The precise structure of the cost–time curves for individual trains is an important consideration in the design of energy-efficient timetables on complex rail networks. The development of optimal timetables for busy metropolitan lines can be considered as a two-stage process. The first stage seeks to find optimal transit times for each individual journey segment subject to the usual trip-time, dwell-time, headway and connection constraints in such a way that the total energy consumption over all proposed journeys is minimized. The second stage adjusts the arrival and departure times for each journey while preserving the individual segment times and the overall journey times, in order to best synchronize the collective movement of trains through the network and thereby maximize recovery of energy from regenerative braking. The precise nature of the cost–time curve is a critical component in the first stage of the optimization.

This paper deals with the flux identification problem for scalar conservation laws. The problem is formulated as an optimization problem, where the objective function compares the solution of the direct problem with observed profiles at a fixed time. A finite volume scheme solves the direct problem and a continuous genetic algorithm solves the inverse problem. The numerical method is tested with synthetic experimental data. Simulation parameters are recovered approximately. The tested heuristic optimization technique turns out to be more robust than classical optimization techniques.