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“Throughout human history, as our species has faced the frightening, terrorizing fact that we do not know who we are or where we are going in this ocean of chaos, it has been the authorities – the political, the religious, the educational authorities – who have attempted to comfort us by giving us order, rules, regulations, informing – forming in our minds – their view of reality.
To think for yourself you must question authority and learn how to put yourself in a state of vulnerable open-mindedness, chaotic, confused vulnerability to inform yourself.”
Timothy Leary in Sound Bites from the Counter Culture (1989)
Introduction
This chapter attempts to provide a summary of the course I gave during the XXII Canary Island Winter School of Astrophysics. In no way should this chapter be perceived as the final answer to a problem. I hope that this chapter can serve as a basis for students and fellow scientists to go beyond what is written here. As in many approaches that I have pursued, this work is a snapshot of where I am and hopefully a possible starting point from which one can expand to other paths not yet ventured.
This chapter starts with a short historical introduction on signal processing and statistics or how our forefathers started doing data analysis more than 200 years ago. The second part is related to the sampling and acquisition of continuous physical signals for subsequent analysis in a digital world.
The four lectures that I presented at the XXII Winter School of Astrophysics were an eclectic mix of topics loosely bound under the title of this chapter: an observer's views and tools. The presentations given by all of the lecturers at the Winter School are available at the time of this writing on the IAC Web site (see “about the school” and “lecturers and topics” on that web site). This chapter can be read in conjunction with the lecture presentations on that web site, but that is not required. This chapter does not completely follow the order of the presentations.
Chemically peculiar and pulsating stars of the upper main sequence
On and near the main sequence for Teff > 6, 600 K, there is a plethora of spectrally peculiar stars and photometric variable stars with a bewildering confusion of names. There are Ap, Bp, CP, and Am stars; there are classical Am stars, marginal Am stars, and hot Am stars; there are roAp stars and noAp stars; there are magnetic peculiar stars and nonmagnetic peculiar stars; He-strong stars, He-weak stars; Si stars, SrTi stars, SrEuCr stars, HgMn stars, PGa stars; λ Boo stars; stars with strong metals, stars with weak metals; pulsating peculiar stars, nonpulsating peculiar stars; pulsating normal stars; nonpulsating normal stars; δ Sct stars, δ Del stars, and ρ Pup stars; γ Dor stars, SPB stars, β Cep stars; γ Cas stars, λ Eri stars, α Cyg stars; sharp-lined and broad-lined stars, some of which are peculiar and some of which are not.