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Because stars are large and massive compared to a rocky planet like the Earth, we expect that a balance between pressure gradients and gravity inside a star will require very high internal pressure. However, there can be very different ways in which high pressure can be achieved, as two examples from the Earth make clear. Both the atmosphere and the oceans are in hydrostatic equilibrium; air pressure thus decreases with altitude above sea level, while pressure in the ocean increases with depth.
A star can be defined as a self-gravitating ball of gas, usually spherical or spheroidal, that is powered by nuclear fusion in its interior. In this text, we will go slightly beyond the boundaries of this definition to discuss protostars and pre-main sequence stars (not yet powered by fusion), stellar remnants (no longer powered by fusion), and brown dwarfs (too small to be powered by fusion).
In 1938, Ernst Öpik pointed out that if the process that comes into play is thermonuclear fusion, then main sequence stars are powered by fusion in their cores, and red giants are stars that have exhausted their central fuel.
Thus, the Sun has existed for one-third of the total history of the universe. Some stars are older than the Sun; some are younger. In Chapter 6, our examination of main sequence models neglected the question of how stars form.