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16950 results

Page 324 of 848

Tractatus de Globis et Eorum Usu
  • A Treatise Descriptive of the Globes Constructed by Emery Molyneux and Published in 1592
  • Robert Hues
  • Edited by Clements R. Markham
  • Published online:
    05 April 2012
    Print publication:
    31 October 2010
    First published in:
    1889
  • The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. Robert Hues (1553–1632) was an English mathematician and geographer who published this work in 1594 to explain the use of the new terrestrial and celestial globes devised by Emery Molyneux in 1592. These were the first English manufactured globes and were popular with both navigators and students. The five parts of this book describe these globes and explain their use in calculating fundamental navigational points, providing valuable insights into their appearance and practical application in early sixteenth-century navigation.

Relativistic Cosmology
  • George F. R. Ellis, Roy Maartens, Malcolm A. H. MacCallum
  • Published online:
    05 April 2012
    Print publication:
    22 March 2012
  • Cosmology has been transformed by dramatic progress in high-precision observations and theoretical modelling. This book surveys key developments and open issues for graduate students and researchers. Using a relativistic geometric approach, it focuses on the general concepts and relations that underpin the standard model of the Universe. Part I covers foundations of relativistic cosmology whilst Part II develops the dynamical and observational relations for all models of the Universe based on general relativity. Part III focuses on the standard model of cosmology, including inflation, dark matter, dark energy, perturbation theory, the cosmic microwave background, structure formation and gravitational lensing. It also examines modified gravity and inhomogeneity as possible alternatives to dark energy. Anisotropic and inhomogeneous models are described in Part IV, and Part V reviews deeper issues, such as quantum cosmology, the start of the universe and the multiverse proposal. Colour versions of some figures are available at www.cambridge.org/9780521381154.

  • Introduction

  • Daniel Z. Freedman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Antoine Van Proeyen
  • Book:
    Supergravity
    Published online:
    05 May 2012
    Print publication:
    05 April 2012, pp 1-4

  • Summary

    Two developments in the late 1960s and early 1970s set the stage for supergravity. First the standard model took shape and was decisively confirmed by experiments. The key theoretical concept underlying this progress was gauge symmetry, the idea that symmetry transformations act independently at each point of spacetime. In the standard model these are internal symmetries, whose parameters are Lorentz scalars θA (x) that are arbitrary functions of the spacetime point x. These parameters are coordinates of the compact Lie group SU(3) ⊗ SU(2) ⊗ U(1). Scalar, spinor, and vector fields of the theory are each classified in representations of this group, and the Lagrangian is invariant under group transformations. The special dynamics associated with the non-abelian gauge principle allows different realizations of the symmetry in the particle spectrum and interactions that would be observed in experiments. For example, part of the gauge symmetry may be ‘spontaneously broken’. In the standard model this produces the ‘unification’ of weak and electromagnetic interactions. The observed strength and range of these forces are very different, yet the gauge symmetry gives them a common origin.

    The other development was global (also called rigid) supersymmetry [1, 2, 3]. It is the unique framework that allows fields and particles of different spin to be unified in representations of an algebraic system called a superalgebra. The symmetry parameters are spinors ϵα that are constant, independent of x. The simplest N = 1 superalgebra contains a spinor supercharge Qα and the energy–momentum operator Pa. The anti-commutator of two supercharges is a translation in spacetime.

Page 324 of 848