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We explain science, both the idealised version to which scientists aspire, and the real version that involves actual human beings. If you are a cosmic revolutionary, who wants to replace the prevailing big bang theory with their own ideas, we explain the importance of mathematical models, publishing, peer review and presentation of your ideas. In particular, we show how to make scientist's human motivations work in your favour.
The universe has a remarkably consistent elemental composition: about 75% hydrogen, 24% helium, and 1% heavier elements. Stars, for all their element-producing abilities, cannot have created these abundances. This points to another cosmic oven, in the universe’s hotter past.
The universe is smooth on the largest scales, with roughly the same number of galaxies in every large cosmic neighbourhood. But the standard history of the universe won't allow any process to smooth out an initially smooth universe. An addition to the standard model, called cosmic inflation, aims to fill this void.
The farther we look, the more slowly the light from exploding stars (supernovae) fades. This tells us that the expansion of space affects even light, which arrives at Earth more spread out.
The farther we look, the more slowly the light from exploding stars (supernovae) fades. This tells us that the expansion of space affects even light, which arrives at Earth more spread out.
Various alternatives to the big bang model have been proposed, both inside and outside the scientific literature. We review some examples, and show how they deal (or not) with the evidence of astronomy.
The universe has a remarkably consistent elemental composition: about 75% hydrogen, 24% helium, and 1% heavier elements. Stars, for all their element-producing abilities, cannot have created these abundances. This points to another cosmic oven, in the universe’s hotter past.
The farther we look, the redder the light from galaxies appears. This fact points to a remarkable feature of our universe: it is not static. It is expanding.
Various alternatives to the big bang model have been proposed, both inside and outside the scientific literature. We review some examples, and show how they deal (or not) with the evidence of astronomy.