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The questions involved in the heading have engaged the attention of astronomers in the past, but does the photographic method contribute evidence more reliable in character than that formerly available?
Let us consider the evidence which has up to the present time been obtained by photography, remembering that the last dozen years covers the whole interval during which it has been accumulated:–
(A) Eleven years ago photographs of the Great Nebula in Andromeda were taken with the 20-inch reflector and exposures of the plates during intervals up to four hours; and upon some of them were depicted stars to the faintness of 17th to 18th magnitude, and nebulosity to an equal degree of faintness. The films of the plates obtainable in those days were less sensitive than those that have been available during the past five years, and during this period photographs of the nebula with exposures up to four hours have been taken with the 20-inch reflector. No extensions of the nebulosity, however, nor increase in the number of the stars, can be seen on the later rapid plates than were depicted upon the earlier slower ones, though the star-images and the nebulosity have greater density on the later plates.
The plates are arranged in classes or groups so as to indicate apparent physical relationship between them, and the Right Ascensions are, as far as practicable, given in the order of time within each group.
The edge next to the printed heading on each plate is the south, and the lower edge the north; the right is the following, and the left the preceding edge.
The scales of the photographs, which are given in the letterpress, are such that by eye alignments of the stars, without the application of measuring instruments, changes which have taken place in their positions or in the structures of the nebulosities, if these changes should not be less than about five seconds of arc in extent, could be detected by comparing corresponding dual plates in this simple manner. The examination and comparison of stars, both as regards their positions and magnitudes, could thus be made in a single day though they should number several thousands on the dual photographs.
Besides this alignment method, measurements by scale and compasses, or by a réseau on glass or other transparent substance, or by a rectangular L-shaped metal rule divided into millimètres on both limbs, or by the superposition of the plates upon each other, are obvious methods available for detecting changes in the position angles and magnitudes of the stars shown on the photographs.