The chapter begins with a review of the historical and current socio-political context for sexual minority and gender diverse (SMGD) individuals living in Indonesia, followed by relevant research on the associations between minority stress and well-being. A particular focus is devoted to presenting data collected as part of the SMGD-MN study. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future psychological research with SMGD communities in Indonesia.

The chapter begins with a review of the historical and current socio-political context for sexual minority and gender diverse (SMGD) individuals living in Switzerland, followed by relevant research on the associations between minority stress and well-being. A particular focus is devoted to presenting data collected as part of the SMGD-MN study. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future psychological research with SMGD communities in Switzerland.

Drawing from the findings on sexual minority and gender diverse (SMGD) concerns and relationships across the 12 countries included in this volume, this chapter provides a summary of the implications for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers. Although the countries are diverse with respect to SMGD-related rights and protections, a review of their results suggests that research focused on the impact of distal minority stressors and structural stigma on the well-being of SGD people is needed. Also, SMGD people continue to experience minority stressors and relationship challenges related to structural stigma and are in need of clinical interventions that are culturally responsive and take into account structural stigma, particularly for the most vulnerable subgroups within SMGD populations (i.e., bisexual, transgender, and gender diverse identified people). Finally, chapter findings have implications for influencing policy, including focusing prevention efforts directly on family and relationship concerns, developing initiatives to reduce minority stress, and strategizing mechanisms to advance SMGD people’s human rights and access to SMGD-affirmative quality care and treatment.

The chapter begins with a review of the historical and current socio-political context for sexual minority and gender diverse (SMGD) individuals living in Malaysia, followed by relevant research on the associations between minority stress and well-being. A particular focus is devoted to presenting data collected as part of the SMGD-MN study. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future psychological research with SMGD communities in Malaysia.

The last chapter explored how we interpret the raw data from our eyes to perceive meaningful objects and events. In this chapter we explore attention. Like perception, attention seems to be a straightforward mental concept used in everyday life. Just as you could ask someone “did you see that?” without bothering to define “see,” you can ask someone to “pay attention” and expect them to know what you were talking about.

The chapter begins with a review of the historical and current socio-political context for sexual minority and gender diverse (SMGD) individuals living in the United States, followed by relevant research on the associations between minority stress and well-being. A particular focus is devoted to presenting data collected as part of the SMGD-MN study. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future psychological research with SMGD communities living in the United States.

In the previous chapter we considered the process of encoding, emphasizing that it is not accurate to characterize it as the intentional act of learning; rather, it is how experience becomes memory, depending on certain features of our thought at the time. In this chapter, we describe retrieval, the process of bringing a long-term memory back to consciousness. We consider what makes successful retrieval possible and also what might make it unreliable. In many situations, we know we have experienced something (we had a chance to encode it), but when we later have reason to retrieve it, we cannot access the memory.

The chapter begins with a review of the historical and current socio-political context for sexual minority and gender diverse (SMGD) individuals living in South Africa, followed by relevant research on the associations between minority stress and well-being. Given the dearth of research on this topic, a large portion of this chapter focuses on recommendations for future research and practice for those interested in working with SMGD individuals living in South Africa.

You may have taken this class thinking, “Oh, boy, now I’ll learn how thinking works and how I can think better. Look out world!” You expected to read about controlling mind wandering, evaluating information, and making good choices. If so, you were understandably perplexed that we’ve spent twelve chapters on topics, such as perception and short-term memory, that you hadn’t thought of as “thinking.” We’ve offered little help to the hopeful super-thinker, and you’ve been a good sport about that. Here, toward the end of the book, we’re going to come through for you. However, as by now you will have guessed, our study of “thinking” will still confound your initial expectations because unconscious processes will loom large.

The chapter begins with a review of the historical and current socio-political context for sexual minority and gender diverse (SMGD) individuals living in Italy, followed by relevant research on the associations between minority stress and well-being. A particular focus is devoted to presenting data collected as part of the SMGD-MN study. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future psychological research with SMGD communities in Italy.

This chapter outlines future research directions to advance understanding of sexual minority and gender diverse (SMGD) individuals and their relationships by advocating for the examination of cultural and legal contexts that shape SMGD experiences across nations. Additionally, this chapter argues that future research should address minority stress processes and resilience factors, with attention to couple-level outcomes and mechanisms connecting stigma to health and incorporate intersectionality to elucidate how multiple marginalized identities interact. Methodological considerations for future research are also presented. Lastly, this chapter discusses translational priorities including community outreach, tailored interventions and programs, legal advocacy utilizing research evidence, educational initiatives, and technology-enabled solutions tailored for SMGD individuals. This chapter concludes with an integrated perspective on open questions, methods, and real-world applications to guide the next phase of research and practice aimed at promoting justice and well-being for SMGD individuals globally.

This chapter presents considerations when conducting multi-nation research, with a particular focus on research conducted with sexual minority and gender diverse (SMGD) communities. Specifically, this chapter provide a nonexhaustive list of best practices from idea development, including forming multi-nation research teams, to practical challenges of the research process, such as questions of cross-cultural reliability and validity of chosen methods, and challenges of recruitment and data collection. Additionally, reference is made to specific methodological aspects, including missing data analysis and common analytical procedures, such as multilevel modeling. Examples and aspects of reflective practices, such as reflections on positionality, the impact of cultural and ethical aspects on the research process, and sources of bias and how research teams may make efforts to overcome them, are also presented.

We began the last chapter by defining attention as continued cognitive processing or continued thought. For the next few chapters, we follow that continued thought in the form of memory. We usually think of “memory” as something we’re aware of, as when you remember which friend is allergic to shellfish or where you parked your car. But we’re going to expand what we think of as memory by imagining a few cases where the time between the event and the memory of the event is so short that we use it without realizing it.

The chapter begins with a review of the historical and current socio-political context for sexual minority and gender diverse (SMGD) individuals living in Brazil, followed by relevant research on the associations between minority stress and well-being. A particular focus is devoted to presenting data collected as part of the SMGD-MN study. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future psychological research with SMGD communities in Brazil.