Part I examines the birth of neo-socialism and the 1933 “neo-socialist schism” within the SFIO. The extant historiography of this schism tends to interpret it as the joint product of a doctrinal revision introduced by the neo-socialists and a separate tactical challenge by the party’s reformist wing pushing for a policy of socialist ministerial participation within bourgeois governments. The problem with this interpretation is that it treats neo-socialism as a coherent and ready-made doctrinal alternative to socialist orthodoxy, whereas the neo-socialists themselves initially conceived of their project as a “tactical,” and not “doctrinal,” challenge to the party leadership. Neo-socialism was not the driving force of the 1933 schism but emerged as a distinct doctrinal identity through the schismatic dynamic of the factional conflict over ministerial participation.

Charles Cruft transformed dog shows into mass entertainment and raised the public profile of fancy dog breeds. His promotional skills earned him the title of ‘the British Barnum’. He was not a top-hat, red-coat, breeches, black-boot, whip-cracking ringmaster, but instead an innovative entrepreneur, producing spectacular and profitable events year after year. His motto was ‘the show’s the thing’. His Terrier shows were the first to be known by the promoter’s name, and their enduring success led the Kennel Club to purchase the right to use the name. Cruft’s entry into the doggy world was as the sales manager of Spratt’s Patent, which he helped make the largest manufacturer of dog food in the world. Cruft peddled convenience foods for dogs over half a century before they became a feature of the human diet.

International Criminal Court (ICC) presents a unique blend of adversarial and inquisitorial legal traditions. By drawing on ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, this chapter explores the impact of ICC’s procedural blending on judicial interventions during witness examination.The common understanding is that ICC relies on the adversarial, party-led mode of presenting evidence – featuring examination-in-chief and cross-examination – but without the associated rules of evidence. Our study expands on this by demonstrating that the latitude provided by the ICC’s legal framework for judges to monitor and intervene in witness examination creates a field of tension for them, as they often oscillate between the roles of truth-finder and arbiter, to the point where the two seem to merge. By shedding light on the interactional accomplishment of these judicial interventions, our analysis illustrates how the ICC’s normative and procedural provisions are fleshed out in action, revealing the emerging tensions associated with judges’ dual role in questioning witnesses.

John Henry Walsh made the greatest individual contribution to the creation of the modern dog. His position as the editor of Britain’s leading sporting newspaper, The Field, allowed him to influence canine affairs nationally for over thirty years. Individual dog owners used his self-help books on dog health and disease. He published under the pseudonym Stonehenge. Walsh led the reform of Dogdom into distinct and discrete breeds, defined by their physical form. This was not his intention. Personally, he favoured sporting dogs, for which function mattered more than form. In the sporting world, he was known as ‘The Great Walsh’ due to his energy, expertise and activism. He also enjoyed the title of the ‘Godfather of Guns’ for his efforts to improve the design, safety and accuracy of shotguns.

Relationship dissolution, or a breakup, is a common event rife with emotional and psychological consequences, and as such has increasingly become the subject of academic inquiry. Through an interdisciplinary approach encompassing empirical studies, theoretical models, and real-world implications, this chapter aims to offer a multifaceted understanding of breakup. To start, we will focus on defining breakups, considering that they are concepualized through various lenses: as a distressing life event, as a calculated decision, as a gradual process, and as an outcome metric for evaluating other relational constructs. Next, we will describe the most robust predictors of breakup, including characteristics of the partners, about the structure of the relationship, and about how the partners interact. We will next detail the process by which relationships end, how former partners cope with breakup, and what predicts post-breakup outcomes. Collectively, this chapter provides a sweeping review of the science surrounding relationship dissolution.

This chapter shows how humanitarian agencies acquired a new global reach through the development programmes that from the end of the 1940s were the main activity for international relief. The aim of these programmes was the social and economic advancement of ‘backward’ countries, and went alongside projects for the industrialisation and mechanisation of agriculture, healthcare and education and professional training. The settings in which humanitarianism had grown over time became an essential part of development policies. The humanitarian projects were a vital component of the restatement of the relationships – economic, political, cultural – between the global North and South after the end of the colonial empires. During the 1950s the United Nations defined the agenda, placing at its centre the development programmes that in the following decade also saw the intense involvement of private agencies. The idea of freeing the ‘backward’ countries from poverty and hunger was the stimulus for setting up new associations that, during the 1960s, contributed to increasing the number of programmes carried out in the field.

The chapter opens on the Second World War and the impact it had on the actors and the orientations of international humanitarianism. It then focuses on the long-term post-war programmes and it shows how the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), as well as later UN agencies, aimed to bring about a sea change in the way aid was conceived and administered. In fact, aid for the populations who had been the object of Nazi-Fascist aggression was an integral part of the post-war reconstruction plan and became the symbol of a new beginning in the history of humanitarianism. Feeding and clothing civilians – children in particular – the provision of basic medical care, stopping the spread of epidemics: these remained the main activities of the international programmes, whose intentions, though, were reformulated in the light of humanitarianism’s new aspirations. For example, the conviction – already widely held in the philanthropic tradition – was emphasised that aid and care should go beyond immediate relief and bring a genuine ‘rehabilitation’, physical and moral, to the recipients. The post-Second World War era was a great laboratory for humanitarianism. Within it, old and new convictions, practices and skills interwove themselves and were reformulated, standardised and ratified.

Given that relationship satisfaction is ultimately a cognitive phenomenon, social cognition likely plays a critical role in determining the extent to which intimates are satisfied with their relationships. This chapter begins with a theoretical description of the cognitive processes that determine relationship satisfaction. Following from this framework, the second section reviews work suggesting there are various benefits to thinking positively about one’s relationship. Nevertheless, the third section highlights work suggesting there are important limits to these benefits, such that they depend on qualities of the two partners, their relationship, and the broader context in which that relationship is embedded. The fourth section then introduces the possibility that distinguishing between controlled and more automatic forms of social cognition may offer insights into why such limits exist. The final section concludes by suggesting various directions for future research that may offer insights into how both controlled and automatic thinking shape relationship development.

Sewallis Shirley was the first chairman of the Kennel Club and led its rise to be the dominant dog organisation in Britain and a model for canine governance internationally. The Club’s aim was typically Victorian: ‘improvement’ – of the nation’s dogs, dog shows and field trials. A profound though unintended consequence of its work was the remodelling of Dogdom into distinct and discrete breeds. Shirley specialised in many breeds over his fancying career, including Bull Terriers and Retrievers. He was born into a landed family with estates in Warwickshire and Ireland, and his position and wealth led into service local agencies and time in national politics.

This chapter begins by sketching Déat’s last days in occupied France before fleeing to Germany with the retreating Nazis. It then highlights Déat’s opportunism and his search for intellectual distinction as significant factors in his trajectory and eventual radicalization as a collaborationist fascist fully aligned with Nazism. Déat’s path from democratic socialism to fascism is summarized in terms of the practical logic of his political conversion, with the conclusion that his ultimate conversion to fascism was the culmination of his repeatedly unsuccessful attempts at political reinvention. The chapter ends by reaffirming the fundamentally discontinuous and relational character of political conversion, which is best understood in terms of what Bourdieu calls “trajectory.” Political conversions are not just individual biographical facts, nor are they passive mental processes; they are actively made by political actors within changing political fields.

This chapter examines the legal contestation of language rights within courtroom proceedings, focusing on individuals’ assertions of their right to use a particular language in legal settings. It explores the intersection of legal procedural norms and the politics of language, analysing how these disputes unfold in broader sociopolitical contexts. Two primary types of language rights in legal proceedings are considered: universal language rights, rooted in the right to a fair trial and procedural fairness, and official language rights, derived from legislative recognition of specific languages. While universal language rights are broadly applicable, official language rights depend on jurisdictional policies and historical legacies. Drawing on the interdisciplinary analysis of court judgments and media reports across different jurisdictions, this chapter highlights how official language rights are often unevenly implemented despite their legal recognition. The chapter also demonstrates how language rights are negotiated and contested in legal proceedings, shedding light on the broader implications for multilingual legal orders and the evolving politics of language in legal systems.

Relationships are influenced by how and where they begin. This chapter focuses on the initiation of romantic and nonromantic relationships (e.g., friendships), including those initiated online. We discuss what types of people are selected as friends and romantic partners as well as the role of context in initial social interaction. First, we first explore the influence of geographic and virtual proximity in relationship initiation. Then, we offer homophily and predicted outcome value theories to understand why some people are more socially attractive than others, and why context influences social attraction. Next, we introduce social exchange and partner preference theories to explain why people are sexually and romantically attracted to others. We examine the similarities and differences between online dating and in-person romantic relationship initiation. Finally, we examine the conversational factors – both verbal and nonverbal – leading to attraction. We also discuss specific partner compatibility – that is, what makes two people "click."

In this chapter, we provide an overview of modern methodological approaches to relationship science that is both practical and accessible. We start with a “status report” on the field, outlining three popular methodological trends. First, we discuss the application of machine learning techniques, specifically random forests, to the field of relationships science. Second, we elaborate on the importance of multimodal data, describing studies incorporating physiological, neurological, and linguistic measures. Third, we briefly discuss nonstandard dyadic designs, such as the round-robin design and network analysis, which enable the examination of multiple dyads within larger groups. Throughout these sections, we provide recommendations for scholars who wish to implement these methods in future work. Next, we provide a description of two analytical approaches used frequently in dyadic data analysis – structural equation modeling (SEM) and multilevel modeling (MLM) – and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches. We also present a brief discussion of differences between statistical software programs and suggestions for when to use each.

In the current chapter, we review the research on close relationships done via the methodologies of neuroscience – in short relationship neuroscience (RN). Much of the research we review focuses on attachment (child–parent or romantic) and sexuality. Nevertheless, we aim to cover RN broadly defined. We start by framing our topic and providing a few working definitions. We then cover the various relational (attachment, interdependence) and neuroscience (social baseline theory, and the Functional Neuroanatomical Model of Human Attachment) theories, methodologies (MRI, ERPs, and genetics), and types of relationships (familial relations, romantic, friendships, sexual relations, etc.) used or covered in this subfield. We explore both positive and negative aspects of close relationships. Finally, we reflect on the bidirectional link and contributions between relationship science and neuroscience and suggest potential implications for mental and physical health and policymaking. We also outline some remaining issues and future directions for RN.