Victorian Doggy People left a powerful legacy and the story of dogs in the twentieth century was largely one of continuities with changes that they initiated. Their enduring influence can be seen through my five headings: High society, low society; Celebrities and millionaires; Sportsman and showmen; Doctors and scientists; and Campaigners and politicians. There were continuities into the twenty-first century, evident in the COVID-19 pandemic: as more people worked from home, they acquired pet dogs for companionship and chose specific breeds to suit their lifestyle and tastes.

This chapter traces the factional conflict over ministerial participation in the SFIO from 1925 to 1933, focusing on how the distinction between “doctrine” and “tactics” was discursively mobilized within this conflict in relation to the changing balance of forces between the factions. Although initially both sides of the conflict agreed that it pertained to a “tactical” and not “doctrinal” question, as the minority favoring socialist ministerial participation grew in strength, their factional rivals began to reinterpret the conflict as a “doctrinal” one in order to delegitimate the minority. While the participationist minority at first rejected this interpretation of the conflict, as a schism came to appear inevitable, they embraced the label of doctrinal heretic that had been imposed upon them. It was thus through the schismatic dynamic itself that “neo-socialism” emerged as a distinct doctrine differentiated from the socialism of the SFIO.

As far back as Aristotle, humans have been recognized as social animals. Most scholars, regardless of their theoretical background, agree that social connections are the basis of the human condition. From birth, and even before, our relationships with others are key to survival (Reis et al., 2000). Infants who have close social bonds with their primary caretakers are more likely to thrive during their lives than those who do not (Groh et al., 2017). As children grow, their primary dyadic relationships proliferate into webs of social connections (Weeks & Asher, Chapter 8, this volume). These social connections, in turn, give rise to the creativity, structure, and ingenuity that allow us to improve society. Clearly, the advances that humans have made depend heavily on collective action.

Jack Russell is now identified with a breed of Fox Terrier, but he was best known as a parson-sportsman in the Victorian era. His obituary notice in the Illustrated London News in 1883 portrayed him as ‘the well-known North Devon clergyman, or rather country gentlemen in clerical orders, as he was better known for his performances in the hunting-field and his social popularity’. It was many years after his death before his name was linked to a specific type of dog: a mainly white, rough-coated Fox Terrier. Yet, despite its great popularity, the Jack Russell Terrier (JRT) was accepted as a breed by the Kennel Club only in 2016.One reason was that its breed clubs wanted to keep it as a working rather than fancy breed.

This chapter focuses on the years between the two World Wars, when international humanitarian action was forced to measure itself against the First World War’s dramatic consequences; it became the prerogative of specific institutions and defined certain basic areas of competence. The League of Nations had a crucial role in promoting humanitarianism as a matter of cooperation between different countries. Assistance to refugees, public health and child protection were among the sectors in which this cooperation showed itself to be most profitable. On the initiative of individual governments, humanitarianism came to be included within the sphere of international relations. The most relevant example is certainly that of the American Relief Administration, which contributed to determining the United States’ pre-eminence on the scene of humanitarianism after the First World War. In their turn, the aid programmes were an important part of American international policy. The chapter outlines also the important role of private agencies, such as Near East Relief (a US association) and the Save the Children Fund (a British body).

Daily hassles and critical life events cause stress not only to individuals but also to close others, particularly partners in committed relationships. This chapter covers an overview of theoretical models and empirical studies on the effects of stress on couples and dyadic coping (DC; how couples cope with stress together). In the 1990s several theoretical innovations expanded individual coping to include both members of the couple. These theoretical models are briefly reviewed and synthesized in a general model of DC, the Systemic Transactional Model (STM), which is the most frequently used in research. We provide a current overview of empirical studies about couples dealing with daily hassles, major life events, and chronic stress, like physical health issues and disability or mental disorders. DC has been established internationally as a highly relevant construct in many disciplines. Recent developments are addressed and implications given for future research and clinical applications.

The chapter explains why the anti-slavery movement is considered an important component of the archaeology of humanitarianism. It shows that the battle against slavery was intimately connected with the recognition of the suffering of other human beings, different because of their servile condition, from another race and from often geographically distant populations. This recognition was considered in itself a demonstration of humanity and Christianity. The chapter shows that the abolitionist cause was associated with ‘modern’ forms of mobilisation adopted by the anti-slavery activists who – especially in Britain – enlisted the support of wide segments of the population to exert pressure on national institutions and government. The creation of associations, information campaigns, popular petitions and widespread boycotting of products from the plantations were significant expressions of the new development of collective action against the slave trade and slavery. The chapter explores the global dimension that places anti-slavery in the pre-history of international humanitarianism: the commitment to the abolition of slavery and the trade in human beings connected different countries and continents, charting a vast field of action and promoting a close network for exchanging information, experience and knowledge. This global expansion, however, cannot be considered independently of the different national and imperial contexts which influenced the motivations behind and tendencies in abolitionism.

This chapter begins with an analysis of the neo-socialists’ infamous watchwords of “order, authority, nation.” Rather than an expression of fascist sympathy, these represented an initial attempt to appropriate and rearticulate these terms in service of a popular-democratic and national-popular socialist politics oriented against the threat of fascism. The chapter then considers neo-socialism’s equivocal turn, in which it briefly adopted a more ambiguous attitude toward fascism during the political crisis inaugurated by the February 6, 1934, anti-parliamentary riots. However, this equivocal turn in neo-socialist discourse did not represent a logical development of neo-socialism, but rather its adaptation to a political field in crisis. The neo-socialists sought to take advantage of their marginal position within the political field and capitalize on widespread anti-parliamentary sentiment by reinventing themselves as the vanguard of a “revolution by the center” and making common cause with elements of the political right.

This introductory chapter details the purpose of the collection and its structure. This collection presents the state-of-the-art research in applied linguistics directly relevant to procedural and administrative law and practice, with an emphasis on how legal procedure is constructed, negotiated and implemented through language. Covering the themes around legal process and legal profession through the lens of linguistics, the focus of this collection is very firmly on the applicability of linguistic theory and methodology to the context of legal practice. The Introduction also outlines the chapters, which draw on distinct methods and data types to explore diverse aspects of professional practice across a number of jurisdictions. In doing so, the chapter highlights the immense potential for incorporating linguistic insights into the legal process and the benefits it can bring to law researchers and practitioners.

This chapter places the case study of Wiltshire within the context of rural Britain. It offers an in-depth overview and assessment of the existing historiography, and addresses the extent to which there has existed a rural dimension to integration from the perspectives of the county’s local authority and the Muslim migrant communities themselves. It shows that rurality matters, and that both its local authority’s political approach and Muslims’ experiences across the post-1960s period have set Wiltshire apart from the dominant urban narrative, and have shown that rural developments have often been far more complex than has been recognised. Finally, it argues that the rural dimension of Muslim integration in Britain has been neglected for too long and that it is essential to take into consideration if we are to reach a thorough and multidimensional understanding of the Muslim integration process.

This chapter brings into focus an underlying theme of the book – the structured antithesis between male and female attitudes to animals, which was induced by social conditioning; especially by the values attaching to aggressive masculinity in the context of empire and, in contrast, the sequestered domesticity and gentleness expected of middle-class women. Sarah Stickney Ellis’s conduct books for women interpreted ‘separate spheres’ as including special female responsibilities for the protection of domestic animals, while Eliza Brightwen’s Wild Nature Won by Kindness and other titles elided domestic and religious ideals with the notion of taming and gentling wild creatures. The nationwide Band of Mercy movement for children promulgated this feminised ideal of tenderness towards animals, often in conflict with the pugnacious ethos in which boys were reared. However, Anna Sewell’s Black Beauty (1877) transcended such gendered and class divides, as a work expressive of the Quaker ideal of sympathetic insight into the minds of animals as fellow-creatures of God.

Greyhound racing has been described as ‘the Ascot of the common man’, the ‘working man’s turf’ and ‘poor man’s racing’, though it is clear that it drew some middle-class presence, particularly so in its early years when they attended this modernist sport. However, it was largely a sport for the urban working class attracted to a cheap and glitzy ‘American night out’. What is not always understood is that, despite the large number of attendances in its early years, it was very much a niche sport, attended on a regular basis by about 4 per cent of the working class, the vast majority of whom were males. Also as Mass Observation revealed in several surveys, and as other surveys revealed, the working class spent only small amount of money, compared with middle-class bettors, on greyhound racing, and their betting was very much ‘a bit of a flutter’. It was not the impoverishing activity it was often presented as being and was widely accepted in many local communities.