[Of the four laryngeals assumed by the author for Indo-Hittite, three (two glottal stops and x) were clearly voiceless. This paper assembles the evidence that the fourth laryngeal (γ) was voiced.]

For a full century the Latin language has been subjected to the most searching scrutiny by comparative methods, semantic data being employed as a sort of control. While these studies may be judged to have reached their limits, a residue of words remains for which no satisfactory etymology has been found, or none at all, as may be discovered by consulting the very conservative dictionary of Ernout and Meillet. Upon these more obscure words, the writer believes, some light may be thrown by following semantic clues, and the following notes are offered in the hope of demonstrating this to be true. Documentation is not presented for usages that may be verified in any lexicon.

[Certain syntactical similarities between Celtic and Ancient Egyptian—specifically, phrases of anticipatory emphasis, suffixed pronouns, and adverbial predicates—are interpreted as evidence of a general Mediterranean substratum in Celtic.]

[The long forms (ahtoie, haloian, uuacoiande, etc.) of verbs of the second weak conjugation in Old Saxon are not of IE origin as is generally supposed, but owe their existence to an attempt to make a sharper formal distinction between indicative and subjunctive by adding the subjunctive endings of the first or jan-class to the stem of the second class. The extension of the long forms to the infinitive and present participle was due in part to the metrical advantages of these forms in certain types of alliterative verse.]

[The historical status of MnE [i] is problematical. On presumptive and orthoepistical grounds, most authorities believe the sound was always [i]; some, notably Luick and Sweet, that an original [i], first partly lowered to [i] in late ME, was completely lowered in EMnE. Spelling and rhyme evidence, here first cited, demonstrates the retention of the stage [i], on occasion, until circa 1800. The uniform [i] of MnE seems to be due to the phonologization of one of two EMnE variants, probably as a result of phonemic proximity.]

[A morphological and syntactic analysis of Ḫurrian verb forms reveals three verbal types: an action-verb (interpreted as active, in opposition to Speiser) and two kinds of impersonal-intransitive verb. See the concluding paragraphs.]

[To the final syllable of the roots or radical themes of its verbs Muskogee applies three types of internal modification: quantitative ablaut, tonal ablaut, and infixation. By means of these processes each verbal root or theme derives five stems or 'principal parts'. These are distinguished primarily on the basis of aspectival categories and secondarily on the basis of tense categories.]