1.0. This paper presents a formalized procedure for describing utterances directly in terms of sequences of morphemes rather than of single morphemes. It thus covers an important part of what is usually included under syntax. When applied in a particular language, the procedure yields a compact statement of what sequences of morphemes occur in the language, i.e. a formula for each utterance (sentence) structure in the language.

[Skt. bāṣpa- Hears; steam' is a Middle Indie form of an Old Indic *varṣman- ‘rain’.— Rigvedic busá- ‘mist’ and bundá- ‘arrow’. The ‘you‘-pronoun *ušm- and *šm- in Indic and Iranian.]

The Latin adjectives ending in -idus generally appear beside intransitive verbs of the second conjugation and abstract nouns ending in -or, -ōris: e.g. timeō, timor, timidus. They represent, as it were, the participle, of which the original form is probably preserved in an example like acētum ‘vinegar’ : aceō. These verbs show long ē outside the present: vereor : verēcundia, valeō : valētūdō, aceō : acētum : acēscō, tābeō : tābēs : tabēscō, Lith. tyléti ‘to be silent’, OCS iměti ‘to have’. The meaning of the ē-verbs is ‘to be in a state’ and also ‘to keep in a state’.

This paper is the second in a series of articles dealing with various phases of colloquial Japanese grammar. The dialect to be described is the present-day standard language, based on the speech of educated persons native to Tokyo. Forms and constructions peculiar to other dialects, including the literary style, are not considered.