Typical examples of the forms found in our editions are ‘Aχαιοισι, ‘Aχcuoις, and θ∊σι, θ∊ς. We need not linger over the fact (cf. Wackernagel 53 n.) that forms ending in -αις are found: without variant at M 284, ∊ 119, in a noteworthy number of MSS at A 238, χ 471, and sporadically as a weakly attested variant elsewhere. That is of interest for the history of the transmission of the text, but not in any other connection. In Homer we have to do only with three dialects, Aeolic, Ionic, and Attic; and as these forms are neither Aeolic nor Ionic they must be Attic. That the ending -αις is found in the earliest records of other dialects is irrelevant. It can lend no support to the suggestion (Hirt 335) that these Homeric forms may be old. On the contrary we can date the Attic intruders: forms in -αις are found in Attic inscriptions after 420 B.C. and cannot have got into the Homeric tradition much earlier. As a first step we must replace the Ionic forms they have ousted: άκς, θ∊ς, πaλáμς, πáσς.

[A study of these two words, along with some others of similar meaning, seems to point to borrowing from French.]

During the 19th century, English was extensively used in Micronesia (the Carolines, Marshalls, and Gilberts) as the language of traders and missionaries. The former used primarily a sub-standard, pidginized English; their activity and linguistic influence lasted chiefly from the early part of the century through the 1890's. American missionary work began in the 1850's and 1860's, and lasted in some regions (Kusaie, the Marshalls) into the period of Japanese administration; the missionaries naturally used and tended to spread standard English. After the Carolines and Marshalls became German colonies, the German authorities did not encourage the use of Pidgin English, or establish it as an official lingua franca, as was done in New Guinea and the Bismarcks and Solomons; in fact, at least some effort was made to discourage its use. In the period of Japanese occupation, efforts were made to spread the use of Japanese as a lingua franca, and apparently Pidgin English has fallen into desuetude. Through missionary teaching of English, a few natives on almost every island in the Marshalls, and presumably in other island groups as well, know some standard English.

[The morphemes na and ta, best known in the so-called ‘genitive’ construction, have well-defined morpheme alternants in Hausa. Recognition of these simplifies the description of both morphologic and syntactic relations.]

The derivation of Portuguese iguaria from Late Latin iecuāria, proposed LANG. 20.108-30, receives support from the discovery, in an ancient Judaeo-Spanish Bible translation (Escorial MS I.j.4 of the early 14th century, fol. 22a, line 35), of the two variant forms yguaria and yegueria, i.e. yegüería. The text is as yet unpublished; I owe knowledge of the passage under study to the courtesy of Professor O. H. Hauptmann, who has specialized in this field. The sentence (Genesis 43:34) reads as follows: Et fizo leuar yguarias delante el a ellos, e cresçio la yegueria de Benjamin mas que la yegueria de todos al çinco tanto, et beuieron vino e çidra con el ‘And he sent messes unto them from before him; but Benjamin's mess was five times so much as any of theirs, and they drank wine and cider with him.‘

This study considers an established use of parecer ‘to seem’ not found in the grammars. The Spanish Academy's grammar cites only the construction parece que viene Juan ‘it seems that John is coming’. Bello treats parece ale-jar'se la tempestad ‘the storm seems to be moving off’, parecieron por un momento amansarse las olas ‘the waves seemed to grow gentle’, and los edificios parecían desplomarse ‘the buildings seemed to be collapsing’. Hanssen, in his Spanische

ORTHOGRAPHY. The orthography of Marshallese was devised by American Protestant missionaries in the middle of the last century. The Bible has been translated into Marshallese and written in what we refer to as the Bible spelling. If the Marshallese were good spellers, the Bible spelling would probably be as hallowed in practice as in theory. As it is, many valuable clues to phonemic facts in Marshallese have been derived from variant spellings. The linguist loveth a cheerful misspelled