[In Indo-Hittite long vowels and diphthongs with long prior element were shortened before h. In Pre-Indo-European h was lost in all positions, and an immediately preceding vowel was lengthened if h had been followed by another consonant. These phonetic laws furnish an explanation of certain vowel alternations in Greek and Sanskrit which have hitherto been ascribed with some difficulty to ablaut.]

[The Hittite suffix corresponding to Indo-European nā forms verbs of the hi-conjugation, which corresponds to the IE perfect system. Phonetic law induced in IE a confusion with the neu- verbs in the first plural and another phonetic law produced a first sing, that might be interpreted as belonging to the present system. Analogy then completed the transfer of the entire category to the present system. The origin of the Hitt. suffix sa is unknown, and the suffix a may have originated in Hitt. itself.]

[1. Hittite u-, we-, wa- ‘hither’ and awan ‘down’ are cognate with Latin au- ‘away’, Sanskrit ava ‘down’, and related words. 2. Hitt. pe-har(k)-‘carry’ is cognate with Indo-European ∗bher-; pe- ‘secum’ is from Indo-Hittite ∗∗bh: Greek φή ‘as’, IE ∗bho- ‘both’, and the case-endings in bh. 3. Hitt. paimi ‘I go’ is from IH ∗∗bh-eimi, while we-, wo- ‘come’ is cognate with Gk. ἔβŋν, Skt. agām, etc.]

In two recent studies I have attempted to show (a) how such ubiquitous grammatical categories as gender, number, case, person, and the parts of speech are interrelated and have given rise to new categories by mutual superimposition; (b) that the aspects of the Indo-European verb go back to three older verb classes, namely (I) verbs which express a physical or mental state like sleep, thrive, hate, (II) verbs designating a transition from one state into another: awaken, die, and (III) verbs indicating an action proper, i.e., an action caused by the volition of the subject: run, seize, give. It is the purpose of this paper to form a connecting link between these studies by showing that the three original IE verb classes are inextricably bound up with the category of voice or diathesis, which in turn has its origin in the distinction of the nominal and verbal phrase.

[Of existing qui-clauses the more nearly original are the Substantive Indefinite Hypothetical and the Substantive Indefinite Real. From these developed the Adjective Indefinite Clauses, Designative and Epithetic; the Definite Clauses, Substantive and Adjective; and the Independent qui-clause. The two kinds of Substantive Indefinite Clauses were developed from corresponding asyndetic clauses in which qui (quis) was without subordinating function. The Asyndetic Indefinite Clauses were formed from nominal sentences containing the indefinite pronoun.]

[The Hittite medio-passive shows a bewildering array of equivalent forms, but these are composed of relatively few formative elements. Aside from a few personal and modal endings, most of which appear in the active voice also, there are the medio-passive suffixes ti, t, ri, ni, ta, and a. All of these show affinities with the noun-system; the several medio-passive forms developed out of infinitives and participles, and they were gradually worked into new systems under the influence of the previously developed active verb.]

[The oldest is ∗yēk- (ἔŋκα, iēcē), after which ∗dhēk- (ἔΰŋκα, αδδακ∈τ, fēcī) was patterned in pro-ethnic times, ἔδωκα was added to the group only in Greek. The peculiar grouping of forms with and without -κ- in the Greek paradigms starts from the fact that forms from three bases, ∗sē-, ∗yēk-, ∗wī- (ΐŋμι, ἔŋκα, fi∈μαι, for instance), merged in one paradigm as a result of changes that are in part analogic, in part phonetic]

[An argument to show that πoι is in ablaut relation to and its cognates.]