[A number of examples from various languages are collected to show that the initial syllable of a word is not of itself exempt from vowel weakening nor even from the loss of its vowel. The difference in Latin between the treatment of vowels in initial syllables and those placed elsewhere demands for its explanation the hypothesis of a stress accent upon the first syllable in primitive Italic.]

[Examination of a portion of Polish literature to ascertain the distribution of the two (nearly) synonymous forms. The results are summarized in the last section.]

In the eastern part of Liberia, both along the coast and for a considerable distance into the interior, is spoken the 'gwe4a4bo3 language. The tribes that use it, with slight dialectic differences, live some distance west of the Cavalla River, which is the dividing line between Liberia and the Ivory Coast, a French dependency, though some of the interior tribes extend also into French territory. These peoples are divided into five tribes: the ña,bo1 (with six divisions), the n1“we, (English 'Nimiah', with three divisions), the 'bo4lo3kwę·32 (with three divisions), the dr∈3bo (English 'Tremble'), and the 'gbw4l3 'gwlobo. These five tribes, collectively known as ∗gwe4a4bo3, are generally, but incorrectly, classed as 'Grebo', which should be reserved for a coast tribe lying just east of the coast Gweabo and at the mouth of the Cavalla. The true ‘Grebo’ are subdivided into six divisions and speak a language which is quite different from Gweabo, though closely related to it, being intermediate between it and Kru. The ‘Grebo’ are known as 'gbw4bo3 by the Gweabo-speaking tribes. West of the Grebo proper are found the Kru.

[In the following brief outline the author attempts to show that this shift of spirant to stop was due to a phonetic tendency which had already begun in PG.]

[The possibility of error arising from the treatment of phonetic sames within a paradigm as semantic sames is illustrated from languages (German, Irish, French) in which the forms can be traced historically. It must be at least equally as great in dealing with the IE reconstructed paradigms.]

[The author wishes to show that German influence on the syntax of OFrench may be expected, and that it is to be recognized in the order of words (verb at end) in dependent clauses.]

[1. Sp. bazo ‘yellowish brown’: βaϑὐ ‘deep-colored’. 2. Sp. cerdo ‘hog’: *seritare (severe) ‘sow, beget, produce’. 3. Sp. empachar ‘impede’ < *impattiare : *patta ‘paw’. 4. Sp. esquejar ‘make cuttings’ < *schistiare : schistos ‘fissile’. 5. Sp. estropear ‘cripple’ < *exturpidiare. 6. Sp. estrujar ‘squeeze out’ < *extrusulare : *extrusare ‘thrust out.’ ]

[The unaccented hombre as indefinite subject virtually faded out of use in Spanish in the sixteenth century, because of the competition of the passive, the impersonal reflexive, and other substitutes; because of its phonetic identity with the accented definite hombre ‘man’; possibly also because of the unwieldiness of an unaccented dissyllable.]