Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T11:17:23.823Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Time as Relative

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 April 2015

Abstract

Philosophical development of Leibniz's view that time is merely earlier–later order is necessary because neither Leibniz nor modern followers sufficiently answered the Newtonian charge that order does not give quantity. Logically, order is transitive, quantity, as in distance, is not. Quantity, as well as order, is naturally assumed in Newton's absolute time, so that to declare the mere relative order sufficient is to have to show how quantity can arise for it. The modern theory of the continuum, perfectly applicable to Newton's absolute, does not show this but assumes quantity. The development given here shows how interval, instant and simultaneity can be logically developed from Leibniz's insight.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Institute of Philosophy 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 St. Augustine, Confessions 11. 14 (17).

2 Corish, Denis, ‘Earlier and Later If and Only If Past, Present and Future’, Philosophy 8 (2011), 4158 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3 Cohen, I. Bernard (ed.), The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy by Sir Isaac Newton: Translated into English by Andrew Motte, 1729 (London: Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1968)Google Scholar, Vol. I, 9.

4 Mach, E., The Science of Mechanics, tr. McCormack, T. J. (Chicago: 1902), 232Google Scholar.

5 Cohen, op. cit., 11.

6 Alexander, H. G. (ed.), The Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1956)Google Scholar, xxxv–xxxvi.

7 Alexander, op. cit., 26.

8 Ibid., 75.

9 Ibid., 69.

10 Vailati, Ezio, Leibniz and Clarke: A Study Of Their Correspondence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 4Google Scholar.

11 Alexander, op. cit., 25.

12 Ibid., 32.

13 Ibid., xxvii.

14 Ibid., 75.

15 Alexander, op. cit., 105.

16 Ibid., 69, italics in text.

17 Vailati, op. cit., 112.

18 Alexander, op. cit., 52.

19 Ibid., 89–90.

20 Alexander, op. cit., 27.

21 Ibid., 72–73 – brackets, with the exception of those around ‘as in Newton's view’, are in the text.

22 Reichenbach, Hans, Modern Philosophy of Science: Selected Essays, translated and edited by Reichenbach, Maria (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1959), 56Google Scholar.

23 Huntington, Edward V., The Continuum and Other Types of Serial Order, 2nd Ed (Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press, 1917), 1Google Scholar.

24 Republic vi. 510b–511b.

25 Physics IV.11.218b21–23.

26 Corish, Denis, ‘Could Time be Change?Philosophy 84 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, Abstract, 219.

27 Coope, Ursula, Time for Aristotle: Physics IV 10–14 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 6CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

28 Leibniz, G. W., The Labyrinth of the Continuum: Writings on the Continuum Problem, 1672–1686, translated, edited, and with an introduction by Arthur, Richard T. W. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001), 267Google Scholar.

29 Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, translated by Smith, Norman Kemp (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1965), 76Google Scholar.

30 Einstein, Albert, Ideas and Opinions (New translations and revisions by Bargmann, Sonja), (New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1954), 278Google Scholar.

31 Einstein, op. cit., 279.

32 Aristotle, Physics II.2.193b31–35.

33 Max Jammer remarks that ordinary, local simultaneity ‘posed no physical problem’ for Einstein, though Jammer argues that Einstein ‘argued for the priority of the notions of simultaneity over that of time’. Jammer, Max, Concepts of Simultaneity: From Antiquity to Einstein and Beyond (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 110Google Scholar.

34 Dedekind, Richard, Essays on the Theory of Numbers, authorized translation by Beman, Wooster Woodruff (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1963), 812 Google Scholar.

35 Physics V.3.227a10–12.

36 Einstein, op. cit., 271.

37 I should like to thank Anthony O'Hear for allowing the publication of these and other not commonly accepted notions of mine about time. We must somehow preserve the possibility of radical, non–bespoke innovation.