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There is more diversity than unity within and between the three “cognitively complex lineages”

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2025

Hans J. Markowitsch Open the ORCID record for Hans J. Markowitsch [Opens in a new window]  and
Angelica Staniloiu
Hans J. Markowitsch*
Affiliation:
Physiological Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany hjmarkowitsch@uni-bielefeld.de
Angelica Staniloiu
Affiliation:
Physiological Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany hjmarkowitsch@uni-bielefeld.de Oberbergklinik Hornberg, Hornberg, Germany astaniloiu@uni-bielefeld.de
*
*Corresponding author.
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Abstract

It is argued that there are huge differences between species of the “advanced” three phyla, both cognitively and neurally, and that more sophisticated attributes than vision and motion characterize only a few of them, and these are mainly found in vertebrates. Especially with respect to learning and memory, only some vertebrate species may possess sophisticated memory processing abilities.

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Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 48 , 2025 , e91
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press

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