Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) impact the locomotor system, causing pain and limiting movement, with significant consequences for autonomy and quality of life. Preventing MSDs is therefore a key public health priority. This umbrella review examines which dietary nutrients most effectively contribute to their primary prevention. Following PRISMA and Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, and pre-registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024544780), we systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Using a mixed-methods approach, we synthesized quantitative and qualitative data from 9 reviews out of 466 initial records, encompassing 128 studies and 661,705 participants. Frequently studied exposures included dairy products and mineral salts. Supplements derived from plant extracts, fruits, vegetables, meat, prebiotics, and probiotics were also assessed. Dosages ranged from 2.5 mg/kg/day for epicatechin to over three months for calcium. Outcomes included fractures, frailty, sarcopenia, muscle mass and strength, walking speed, inflammation, bone mineral density, and turnover markers. High consumption of cheese and yogurt reduced fracture risk by 8–11% and improved grip strength. Calcium supplementation had modest effects on bone mineral content. Fruit and vegetable intake correlated with improved gait speed (HR = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.42–0.84), while nut consumption was linked to reduced sarcopenia risk (HR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.53–0.99). This review highlights the preventive potential of select nutrients against MSDs, though further research is needed to determine optimal dosages.