Figures
2.1The nine regional groups (I–IX) of the Yamnaya culture defined by N. I. Merpert (1974).
2.3Seasonal herding camp artifacts from Peschanyi Dol 1, Samara Valley Project.
2.4Bivariate plot of Eneolithic and Bronze Age stable dietary isotopes from humans in the middle Volga steppes.
3.1Pilot area of the research: a – Eurasian steppe belt, b Yamnaya culture, c Sal-Manych Ridge.
3.4The Sal-Manych Ridge. Locations of Bronze Age seasonal campsites.
4.1The family tree of Indo-European according to the Indo-Anatolian Hypothesis.
4.3Reconstruction of the linguistic landscape of Anatolia at the beginning of the second millennium BCE.
4.4The route of the spread of (pre-stages of) Luwian within the Balkan scenario.
4.5The route of the spread of (pre-stages of) Luwian within the Caucasus scenario.
4.8The spread of the stone horse-head maces in the Middle Eneolithic.
5.1Double inhumation of an adult female and young boy from the Late Neolithic Corded Ware at Karsdorf, Germany.
5.2Geographic map of Corded Ware-associated individuals studied to date.
5.3Principal component analysis plot highlighting published Corded Ware-associated individuals.
5.4Percentage of male individuals in Corded Ware and Bell Beaker graves.
5.5Correlations of PC2 as a proxy for steppe ancestry in published Corded Ware-associated individuals with latitude, longitude, and time.
5.6Y chromosome lineage diversity in Corded Ware-associated males.
5.7Landscape Reconstruction Algorithm (LRA) calibrated pollen diagrams from Denmark.
5.8Land opening and reforestation are indicated by northern German palynological data.
5.9LRA calibrated pollen diagrams from Lake Belau, Poggensee, and Lake Woserin.
6.1Identical Corded Ware grave sets and graves from the Netherlands, Denmark, and Poland.
6.2Geographical distribution of Corded Ware burials in the data set.
6.3Cumulative percentage of similar burials across all relations that occur within a specified distance of the source.
6.4Cumulative percentage curve of the total similarity within specified distances of the source for the entire data set, left-, and right-flexed burials.
6.5Network representation of the distance and similarity between left-flexed burials in the data set.
6.6Network visualization of the distances and similarities between right-flexed burials in the data set.
7.2The neo-traditional model of the Indo-European language family.
7.3A binary-branching model of the Indo-European language family.
7.4Words for metals in a binary-branching model of the Indo-European language family.
8.2Schematic overview of the occurrence of the most important shared metal names in the Indo-European language family.
9.1Radiocarbon density indicating population growth from ca. 2700 BCE to end of Bronze Age.
9.2Density of radiocarbon dates from the Bronze Age to the early medieval period.
10.1Chalcolithic/Beaker culture copper mines at Ross Island, southwest Ireland.
10.2Entrance to Chalcolithic copper mines at El Aramo, Asturias.
10.4Chalcolithic copper mines at Les Neuf Boches, Cabrières.
11.1First-order subgroups of Indo-European: simplified Indo-European family tree.
11.2The Indo-European family tree published by August Schleicher in 1861.
11.3Deposits of copper and tin, findspots of Late Bronze Age “warrior” stelae, and navigable rivers in the Iberian Peninsula.
11.4Childe’s 1939 map of “double-looped palstaves in western Europe.”
11.5Late Bronze Age stela from La Solanilla, Córdoba, Spain.
11.6Rubbing of a rock-art image of a chariot and two-horse team from Frännarp, Skåne, Sweden.
13.1Schematic representation of the main temporal strata of Celtic and Germanic.
14.1The Bayesian sequence model of the chariot complex chronology.
14.2Map approximating the diffusion of two-wheeled vehicles and chariots in northern Eurasia.
14.3The principal directions of the IE migrations during the Bronze Age in northern Eurasia.
16.2Sintashta fortified settlements on the basis of geomagnetic survey.
17.587Sr/86Sr strontium isotope ratios in the bioavailable reference of snails and Bronze Age textiles from Chernyaki II and Berezovy Rog.
23.1The interdisciplinary cross-validation of the methodologies applied to the Indo-European homeland problem.
23.2Diagram showing the impact of the three science revolutions in archaeology and their transformation of relative into absolute knowledge.
