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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 October 2023

Edited by
Sabrina Leo  and
Ida Claudia Panetta
Sabrina Leo
Affiliation:
Sapienza Università di Roma
Ida Claudia Panetta
Affiliation:
Sapienza Università di Roma

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Information

Type
Chapter
Information
The Role of Distributed Ledger Technology in Banking
From Theory to Practice
 , pp. 342 - 350
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Index

ABI Lab, 174, 177–178, 181–182
ABI. See Italian Banking Association
account, 11–13, 16, 23–27, 94–95, 101, 107, 174, 259–260
bank, 30, 167, 169, 247, 256
holder/owner of, 12
invoking, 28–29, 115, 287, 328
smart contract, 26
transaction, 221, 224
accountability, 245, 250, 256–257, 307, 311
ACU. See Asian Currency Unit
ADCC
bond, 194, 201–203, 210
issuing, 191, 194, 201–204, 209–211
value of, 202, 204
ADCC. See Asian Digital Common Currency
AI. See Artificial Intelligence
Algorand, 21, 159, 161–169
blockchain technology, 155, 158–159, 162–164, 166–170
CBDC model, 167–168
American Express, 285
AML. See Anti-Money Laundering
AML, crimes and criminals, 114–116, 119–120
AML/CFT, 117, 119, 124, 127, 196, 198
AMRO, 201, 203, 211
AMU. See Asian Monetary Unit
anonymity, 12, 115, 118, 192, 196–197, 199–200
Anti-Money Laundering, 106, 119, 130, 148, 153
APAC. See Asia-Pacific
APG. See Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering
APIs. See Application Programming Interfaces
Application Programming Interfaces, 122, 167–168, 210, 232, 314
applications, 43–44, 48, 101–103, 159, 168, 177–178, 288–290, 311
AR. See Augmented Reality
Artificial Intelligence, 42, 44, 47, 172, 254
ASEAN+3, 189–190, 194, 201, 203–205, 207–208, 210–211
Asia, 189, 191–194, 202, 205, 209, 280–281
Asian Currency Unit, 189, 210
Asian Digital Common Currency, 189, 191–197, 199–211
Asian Monetary Unit, 189, 204
Asia-Pacific, 118–119
Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering, 115–116, 119
asset, 72–73, 78, 80, 138–140, 164, 168–169, 251, 320–324
exchange costs, 321–322
Austria, 185–186
authentication, 32–33, 81, 295–297
authorities, 83, 125, 127, 198, 236, 238
public, 75, 110, 117–118
supervisory, 92, 94, 110, 243, 248, 253
avatar, 269, 272, 274, 281, 283–284
bank, 36–38, 97–106, 173–178, 180–183, 278–285, 301–310, 312–317, 323–328
Blockchain-enabled, 45
buyer’s/client, 313, 325
commercial, 157, 166–167, 169, 204, 320
domestic, 157
export, 252
incumbent, 2026, 228, 230
large, 165, 250
medium-sized, 44, 51
multinational, 300
national, 125
retail, 184
state-owned, 41
bank guarantees, 305–309, 312
banking, 37–40, 42, 44–46, 156–157, 269–270, 294–296, 325–326, 332–333
digital, 39, 42, 281
bank money, 137, 149, 151
Bank of Canada (BOC), 302
Bank of England (BOE), 253, 301–302
Bank of Italy (BoI), 95–96, 105, 109, 111, 186
Bank of Japan (BOJ), 201
Bank of Thailand (BoT), 201, 302
bank transfers, 24, 27
BBVA, 262–263, 317
BCT. See blockchain technology
big data, 42, 232
biometric, 42, 232
Bitcoin, 11, 19–20, 23–24, 29, 80–81, 91–96, 235–236, 238–241
performance, 141, 177, 274
Bitcoin-Us Dollar, 59
blockchain, 11–13, 23–25, 30–33, 44–50, 248–252, 262–263, 275–278, 324–328
closed, 130–131
permissionless, 31–32, 35, 168, 333
private, 249, 317
public, 131, 159, 249, 331, 333
types of, 32, 333
blockchain infrastructure, 158, 166
blockchain networks, 39, 118, 130, 239, 243
blockchain platforms, 12, 17, 21, 24–26, 31–32, 203–204
blockchain system, 33, 44–46, 48, 235, 254, 256–259, 263–264, 300–301
blockchain technology, 189, 194, 197, 202–203, 276
application of, 39, 45, 301, 304–305, 324, 328
bond, 194, 201, 203, 209, 252–253, 262
CBDC, 158
digital guarantee, 325
climate change, 259
Blockchain technology, second generation, 25
blockchain technology and DLT, 13, 172, 181, 308
blockchain technology
application of
carbon credit trading, 244–245, 258–260
CBDC, 260, 294, 308, 322, 328
compliance, 47, 56
cost efficiency, 44–45, 51, 325, 333
customer identification system, 43–45, 51
digital identity, 30
payment system, 40, 301
carbon footprint, 130, 237, 241–243, 254, 258
energy consumption, 235
blocks, 12, 16–24, 28–29, 31–32, 36, 238–239
transaction, 308
BOC. See Bank of Canada
BOE. See Bank of England
BOJ. See Bank of Japan
BPU (Bank Payment Undertaking), 313
branches, 140, 280–281, 307
virtual, 279–281, 284
BTC. See Bitcoin
BTCUSD. See Bitcoin-Us Dollar
building blocks, 11, 32, 219, 228, 233
business models, 41, 47–48, 127, 142, 291, 295–296
Cambridge Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index, 239
Capital Markets Legislation, 74–75
Capital Requirements Directive, 82
Carbonplace, 258
cash, 137, 156–157, 160–161, 166–167, 169, 172–173, 207, 257
cash management, 140, 157, 166–167
CASPs. See Crypto-Asset Service Providers
CBDCs. See Central Bank Digital Currencies
CBECI. See Cambridge Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index
CDD. See Customer Due Diligence
CDM. See Common Domain Model
CeFi, 270, 277–278
Central Bank Digital Currencies, 130, 155, 158–170, 172–173, 179–181, 191–192, 247, 284–285
blockchain-based, 167, 169
digital ruble, 124
distribution of, 159, 169, 182, 185
central banking, 155–157, 160–163, 165–170, 172–174, 191–195, 197–201, 203–204, 300
Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates, 125, 302
Central Securities Depositories, 100, 102, 201–203
China, 189, 193–194, 239–240, 247, 313
China Blockchain Trade Finance Platform, 313
chip, 205, 207, 212
climate, 235, 240–241, 246, 255
climate change, 234, 236, 240, 242, 258–259, 261
cloud computing, 41, 44, 232, 274
Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures, 228, 232
Common Domain Model, 318
consensus, 18, 31–32, 40, 239, 249
Consob, 86, 93, 95–96
consumers, 40, 42–43, 167, 169, 304, 327
Contour, 270, 310–312
costs, 28, 47–48, 140–141, 156–158, 167–168, 225, 279, 325–326
countries, 42, 83, 123–127, 129–130, 192–194, 201–211, 239–240, 259
developing, 146, 221, 224, 231, 259
CPMI. See Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures
CRD. See Capital Requirements Directive
credit, letters of, 261, 311–312, 315
crypto-asset, 72–73, 75–78, 84–85, 87, 90–91, 93–106, 108–112, 139
classification, 91
currency, 82
definition of, 73–74
ESG, 244
issuer, 76–77, 80, 82–83, 86, 105–108, 151
limitations, 149
payments, 289
regulation of, 71–74, 80–81, 95
types of, 73, 82, 95, 138
unbacked, 109–111
value of, 82, 104–105, 109–111, 139, 151
Crypto Asset Regulation, 143, 323
Crypto Asset Service Providers, 76, 108–109, 112, 124, 143–144, 146–149, 244, 248
crypto-asset services, 72, 95
crypto-currencies, 29, 45–46, 48–49, 57–59, 91–93, 125, 129–130, 237–239
CSDs. See Central Securities Depositories
CSPs. See Crypto Asset Service Providers
currencies, 40, 117, 189–190, 192, 199–200, 207–210, 239
common, 189, 191, 193–194, 200, 204–205, 208–209
national, 40, 208–209
programmable, 179, 183–184
virtual, 49, 95, 117–118, 124
custodians, 80, 142, 226, 320–321
custody service, 101, 108, 146, 164, 284–285
Customer Due Diligence, 126, 148
customers, 102, 147–149, 226, 269, 281–282, 284, 301, 327–328
cybersecurity, 49, 114, 116–117, 128, 149
cyber-attacks, 116, 120, 128
cybercrime, 114–117, 119–120, 122, 270
cyber resilience, 121, 128
database, 38, 118, 282, 307
ADCC, 199
Decentraland, 280–281, 284
decentralisation, 41, 80, 161–162, 324, 333
Decentralised Autonomous Organisation (DAO), 31, 97, 131, 247
decentralised depository system, 304–305
DeFi (Decentralised Finance), 97, 242, 247, 270, 277–278
derivatives, 59, 78, 87, 318
devices
digital, 197–198, 204–205, 288
mobile, 193, 207
Diem project, 57
digital asset, 238–239, 241–243, 247–248, 251–252, 276, 284–286, 296, 320
cryptocurrencies, 48, 160, 172–174, 179–180, 190–193, 200–201, 205–207, 209–212
definition of, 295
ecosystem, 243, 247–248
ESG, 238–239, 243, 246
market, 242, 251
digital economies, 155–156, 165
digital Euro project, 106, 130, 173–174, 181–188, 298
digital identity, 41, 163
digital money, 211–212, 320
digital product, 13, 273
distributed ledger, 11–12, 35–36, 159–160, 181, 307, 322–323
distributed ledger and blockchain technologies, 11–12, 33, 248, 251
distribution, 108, 157, 166–167, 186–187, 199
DLPCs (Distributed Ledger Payment Commitments), 312
DLT (distributed ledger technology), 35–40, 47–49, 84–85, 136–138, 224–228, 248–250, 324–328, 331–334
application of, 36–39, 47, 49, 56, 99
CBDS, 247
digital guarantee, 306–307
KYC (Know Your Customer), 130, 148, 197, 327, 329, 331
lowering cost, 225, 321
lowering social cost, 206
reducing complexity, 45, 50–51, 136, 141, 143
central authority of, 35, 40, 307
permissioned, 174
permissionless, 323
reducing expenses levereging, 304, 306, 326, 328
regulatory framework of, 47
DLT Proposal, 84–85, 87
DLT systems, 40–41, 182
documents, 39, 173, 182, 309, 315
dollars, 123–124, 169, 257, 277, 284–285
double spending, 13, 58
EBA (European Banking Authority), 83, 94
EBSI. See Èuropean Blockchain Service Infrastructure
EC3 (Empowered Collaborative Commerce Cloud), 312
ECB. See European Central Bank
ecosystem, 164–165, 169, 172, 179–180, 288, 290–291
blockchain-based, 130, 328
financial, 92, 112, 128, 277–278
efficiency, 44, 46, 50, 179, 331, 333
electronic money, 105–108, 149, 151, 192–193, 209, 211–213
Electronic Money Directive. See EMD (E-money-Directive)
EMD (E-money-Directive), 77, 82
EMD2, 105–108
emissions, 18, 29, 244, 259
e-money tokens (EMTs), 73–74, 77–78, 80–83, 102, 104–106, 149–151
encryption technology, 41, 43, 207, 307
energy, 239, 241, 248–249, 255
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), 314
Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG), 235–238, 241, 246, 249–250, 253
EOAs. See Externally Owned Accounts
Ethereum (ETH), 12, 17, 21–25, 28–29, 57–58, 110, 235–236
ETPs. See exchange-traded products
eTradeConnect, 313–314
EU Commission, 71–72, 79, 115–116, 120, 206
EU Delegated Directive, 101
EU Delegated Regulations, 102–103
EU Digital Finance Package, 71, 83, 153
EU Directive, 92, 96, 101–102, 105, 107
Europe, 190–194, 209–210, 240, 244, 251, 253
European Blockchain Service Infrastructure, 331
European Central Bank, 128, 130, 139, 173, 184–186
European Market in Crypto Asset Regulation, 143
European Security and Market Authority (ESMA), 72, 94–95, 97, 103
Euro Retail Payments Board (ERPB), 186–187
Eurosystem, 185–188, 289
Exchange-Traded Products, 130
Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs), 26–27
fiat currencies, 82, 105, 107, 139, 151
finance, 227, 231, 234, 248–252, 261–263
green, 251–254, 259–260
Financial Action Task Force (FATF), 117, 119, 124, 126–127, 143, 207
Financial Conduct Authority. See FCA
Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), 127
financial inclusion, 207–208, 219, 221, 224, 228, 232–234, 246–247
financial infrastructure, 156, 163, 224
financial institutions (FIs), 50, 128, 165, 242–243, 247–248, 250, 253–255, 331–332
non-banks, 128, 228
financial instruments, 73, 76, 84–85, 91–98, 100–104, 110
definition of, 84, 92, 97
financial intermediaries, 147–148, 269–270, 278–280, 284–286, 288, 290–291, 296–297
financial legislation, 76–81, 85
Financial Market Infrastructures (FMIs), 128, 227
financial markets, 48, 209, 241–242, 278, 321–322
financial products, 73, 81, 95, 252, 260
financial services, 46, 206, 223–225, 246–247, 277–278, 280–281
industry of, 46, 291, 332–333
provision of, 108, 225, 227, 333
financial system, 151, 159, 276–278, 290, 295–296
financial transactions, 39, 41, 51, 278, 330
FinTech, 45–46, 48, 228, 230, 278
FMIs (financial market infrastructures), 128, 227
France, 72, 185–186, 298
fraud, 114, 122, 161, 325–327, 332–333
fraudulent transactions, 332
funds, 26–27, 52, 120–121, 138, 257, 262–263, 301–302
transfer of, 57, 127–128, 289, 332
generation
Millennial, 279, 286–287
X, 275, 279
Z, 279, 286–287
Germany, 72, 85–86, 95, 185–186
governance
DeFi, 248
ECB on D€, 181
payment system, 141
Spunta Project, 177, 179
government agencies, 193, 198, 201, 203–205, 208
green bonds, 251, 260–261, 263
green projects, 244, 252, 261–262
hand, 90, 92, 102, 105–106, 262, 297–298
hash, 16–17, 19–20
Hedera blockchain network Hashgraph, 287
ICOs. See initial coin offerings
illegal activities, 197–200
IInfocomm Media Development Authority, 331
inclusivity, 160, 163
information, 12–13, 15–16, 35, 185, 196–197, 210–212, 317, 325–329
personal, 116, 197, 212, 288, 328
sensitive, 33, 41, 136
information technologies, 39, 42
infrastructure, 19–20, 29, 159–160, 166, 177–178, 290
existing, 185, 285, 320
Initial Coin Offerings, 47, 56, 60–62, 97, 227
institutional investors, 131, 235
institutions, 129, 131, 142–143, 153, 167–168, 219
regulated, 128–129, 297
instruments, bearer, 105–106, 186
integration, 115, 118, 141, 187, 273, 276
intermediaries, 144–145, 147, 286, 296, 298, 302
international cooperation, 122, 126, 128, 234
international money transfer, 301
International Sustainability Standards Board, 238
International Swaps and Derivatives Association, 318–319
Internet of Things (IoT), 122, 232, 254, 263
interoperability, 168–169, 173, 180, 184, 328
investment firms, 99, 101
investments
green, 251–252
responsible, 259
investment services, provision of, 94, 100–102
investors, 98, 100, 203, 236–238, 252–255, 262–263
IoT. See Internet of Things
ISDA. See International Swaps and Derivatives Association
ISSB. See International Sustainability Standards Board
issuance, 82–83, 85, 100–101, 185–186, 209–210, 311
Italian Banking Association, 172, 174–175, 179, 181, 187–188
Italian banks, 174–175, 179, 181, 183, 188
Italy, 86–87, 95–96, 101–102, 109, 174, 181–182, 186
Japan, 189, 194–195, 201–202, 211–213, 242
key, 35, 111, 248
private, 12, 137, 142, 146, 320
public, 12, 137
Know Your Customer (KYC)See DLT (distributed ledger technology), application of, KYC
Komgo, 310, 315
Korean banks, 44, 287
Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs), 121–122
Layer 2 protocols, Bitcoin, 239
ledger, 11–13, 15–18, 23–24, 33, 35–36, 51, 136–137, 160–161
lenders, 303–304, 316
lending, 247, 286, 303–304, 309
level playing field, 143, 165, 170
Licensed Service Providers (LSPs), 167
Loan Market Association, 261, 316
loans and credit, 37, 137, 151, 258–261, 285–286, 303–304, 309–311, 315–316
green, 260–261
mortgage accounting, 304–305
syndicated loans, 316–317
Marco Polo Network, 310, 314–315
market, 71–72, 75, 78–81, 92–94, 108–110, 260, 300–301, 304
emerging, 157, 163, 246
infrastructures, 40, 71, 84, 98–99, 103–104
secondary, 80, 103, 286
security-token, 99, 104
Market in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID), 74, 76, 80, 82, 97
Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCAR), 71–84, 91–92, 96, 101–103, 105–106, 129, 240
members, 21–22, 124, 131, 203, 313–314
merchants, 141, 144–145, 147, 152, 187, 197–198
metaverse, 269–291
branding strategies in the, 279–280, 282, 290–291
ecosystem of, 278, 280, 284–285
payment services in the, 284
metaverse finance, 277, 291
metaverse platforms, 273, 284, 287, 289
metaverse technologies, 271, 280
metaverse venue, 276
metaverse wallet, 284–285
MiFID II, 84, 94, 96–98, 102
miners, 18–19, 21, 25, 130, 240
Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFG), 317–318
monetary sovereignty, 156, 323
money, 117, 119–120, 183, 296–298, 320, 327
money laundering, 71, 114–115, 197, 200, 288
money mules, 115–116, 120
Money Services Business (MSB), 121
National Central Banks (NCBs), 185–186
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), 259
Near Field Communication (NFC), 195–196, 200, 205, 207, 211–212
negotiability, 93, 108, 110
Netherlands, 185–186
network, 16–24, 27–29, 136–137, 161, 168–169, 235–236, 313–315, 334
network nodes, 24, 33, 307
nodes, 15–24, 27–28, 31–32, 118, 178, 307, 311, 317
Non-fungible Tokens. See NFTs
Non-fungible Tokens (NFTs), 144, 270, 275–276, 284–286, 324
obligation, 85–86, 103, 105–106, 126, 137
organisation, 35–36, 45, 125–126, 165, 169
international, 194, 199, 201–204, 208, 210
owner
account, 12–13, 24–25
cryptocurrencies, 57
digital device, 198
information, 232
key, 12
platform, 60–61
ownership, 251, 307
account, 13
bond, 202–203
carbon credit, 258
digital asset, 251, 275
owners/validator, 21
Paris Agreement, 259
payee and payer, 137, 147–148, 197
payload, 12, 27
payment, 104–106, 136–138, 140, 143–144, 149–151, 183–184, 210–211, 297–298
blockchain-based, 312, 315
contactless, 180, 195–196, 205, 207, 210
cross-border, 300
digital, 136, 152
history of, 196–197, 200
international, 301, 303
mobile, 50
off-line, 196
token-based, 60, 73, 94, 297
payment infrastructure, 157, 285
payment instrument, 92, 138, 140, 160–163, 230, 247
credit/debit card, 119
payment process, 104, 147, 285, 326
payment service, 157, 181, 187, 230, 234
Payment Service Providers (PSPs), 184, 187, 226
payment system, 39–40, 48, 141, 149, 151–152, 230
e-money token, 151
traditional, 39–41, 144, 147–148
People’s Bank, 302, 313
platform, 18–19, 160–161, 165–166, 258, 261–263, 286–287, 312–313, 315
portfolio, 102, 236–238, 252, 254, 263
price, 13, 26, 28–29, 231, 238
privacy, 45–46, 160, 162, 173, 327–328
process, 22–23, 174–177, 183–184, 251–252, 254, 262, 309–310, 325–327
business, 33, 50, 206, 326
paper-based, 326
producer, 184, 231, 271
product, 30, 90–94, 96, 184, 231, 261–262
production, 174, 177, 182, 206, 226, 231
programmability, 104, 106, 152, 180–183, 187
project, 32–33, 174–177, 179, 181–182, 185–186, 304–305, 308–310, 316–317
Project Genesis, 252–254
Project Greenprint, 255
Proof of Stake (PoS), 19, 21–22, 110
Proof-of-Work (PoW), 18–19, 21, 23, 141, 240, 242
protocols, 22, 29, 164, 238, 240, 247
prototypes, 252–253, 272, 300, 302
ransomware, 116, 120–121, 124
Real-Time Gross Settlements (RTGS), 167, 201
recipients, 12, 27
redemption, 106–108
registry system, 260
regulator, 92–94, 105, 107–109, 128, 142–143, 241–242, 290, 326
regulatory framework, 45–47, 71–72, 74–77, 81–82, 98–106, 111–112, 122–124, 287–288
remittances, 44, 146, 206, 208, 211
requirements, 75–76, 103, 106, 148, 173, 206–207, 238
resources, human, 131, 282–283
risk, 21, 78, 81, 111–112, 118, 143, 246–248, 260
climate, 235, 241–242, 253
ESG, 242–243
operational, 41, 44, 309, 325, 333
reputational, 90–91, 94, 108–109, 111–112, 246
volatility, 151
Russia, 117, 123–124, 240, 305
sanction, 82, 94, 112, 123–124, 126
Sandbox, 270, 279–281, 284
scalability, 40, 45, 160–162, 165, 173
Second Life, 269–270, 273
securities, 73, 86–87, 92–93, 96–99, 201–203, 245
Securities and Commodities Authority (SCA), 125
security, 40–42, 45–46, 142–143, 157–158, 165–166, 173, 178, 196–197
security-token, 60, 92, 98–106, 202–203
Self-Regulatory Organizations (SROs), 290
sender, 12, 16, 18, 24–25
Shinhan Bank, 287
Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA), 40–42
slashing, 22
SLR. See Systematic Literature Review
smart contract, 25–29, 31–33, 183–184, 251–252, 259–260, 276–278, 316, 318
smartphone, 163–164, 288
social media, 115–116, 119–120, 122, 271
Spunta project, 174–176, 179, 181–182
standards, 111, 116, 126–127, 169, 173
Stellar Development Foundation (SDF), 257
sub-chain, 23
sukuk, 23, 54
supervisor, 74, 77–79, 290
sustainability, 235, 239, 250, 252
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 249, 262
SWIFT, 157
syndicated loans, 317. See also Loans and credit
system
account-based, 101, 297–298
blockchain-based, 46, 263, 285
token-based, 297–298
treasury, 320
Systematic Literature Review (SLR), 37–38, 45
tech companies, 138, 165, 273
Thailand, 201, 302, 311
Thailand Securities Depository (TSD), 201
third parties, trusted, 32, 33, 302
token, 26, 28–30, 60–61, 73–74, 77–79, 96, 101–103, 105–108
asset-backed, 60, 78
asset-referenced, 77, 91, 96
utility, 60, 73–74, 81, 91, 96
token holder, 107, 298
tokenisation, 99, 251, 294, 323
trade financing, 311. See also Loans and credit
TradFi (Traditional Finance), 242, 270, 276–278
trading venues, 98, 100, 103–104
transaction fees, 18, 20, 24–25, 55, 158
transaction model, 24
transaction records, 197, 251
transactions, 11–13, 15–18, 23–25, 27–29, 161–169, 238–240, 307–312, 316–318
atomic/single, 158, 166, 183–184, 309
cross-border, 144, 156
high-value, 160, 162
low-value, 160–162
order of, 13, 16, 33
secure, 41, 158, 166, 288
suspicious, 126, 148–149
transfer, 11–12, 24–27, 42–43, 108, 137, 148, 202–203, 301
transparency, 60–61, 230, 243–244, 249–250, 254, 256, 261–263, 324–325
Travel Rule (TR), 127–128, 148
trust, 136–137, 160, 263, 307, 315–316
UAE Securities and Commodities Authority, 125
Ukraine, 39, 117, 123–124, 257
uncertainty, 77, 79–80, 90, 103, 108–109, 112
UNHCR, 257
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 125–126, 302
United Kingdom (UK), 125, 129, 323
United States of America, 123–124, 128, 240–242, 244, 253
Unspent Transaction Outputs (UTXOs), 24–25
user, 160–161, 163–165, 186–187, 219, 221, 271–276, 287–288, 312
user experience, 160–161, 180, 328
validation, 21–22, 157, 242
validator, 21–23, 32, 169, 239
value
digital representation of, 96, 117, 136–137, 149
exchance of, 11, 16, 24, 136–137, 285
stable, 82, 139
storage of, 73
value-added services, 183, 187
value chain, 231, 245, 254, 328
Verifiable Credentials, 246
Virtual Assets (VAs), 117–118, 126, 143, 148
virtual assets, management of, 118
virtual assets service providers. See Vasps (Virtual Assets Service Providers)
Virtual Assets Service Providers (VASPs), 117–118, 120, 122–123, 125–127, 143, 148
virtual reality. See VR
Virtual Reality (VR), 271–273
virtual world, 271–272, 274, 276, 283, 289
wallet, 207, 212, 276, 284, 286
digital, 195–197, 199–200, 204, 211–212, 247
Web3, 275–276, 278, 283
we.trade, 295, 310, 313

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  • Index
  • Edited by Sabrina Leo, Sapienza Università di Roma, Ida Claudia Panetta, Sapienza Università di Roma
  • Book: The Role of Distributed Ledger Technology in Banking
  • Online publication: 26 October 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009411783.020
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  • Index
  • Edited by Sabrina Leo, Sapienza Università di Roma, Ida Claudia Panetta, Sapienza Università di Roma
  • Book: The Role of Distributed Ledger Technology in Banking
  • Online publication: 26 October 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009411783.020
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Index
  • Edited by Sabrina Leo, Sapienza Università di Roma, Ida Claudia Panetta, Sapienza Università di Roma
  • Book: The Role of Distributed Ledger Technology in Banking
  • Online publication: 26 October 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009411783.020
Available formats
×