Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 October 2025
Antepartum haemorrhage (APH) is a frequent reason for presentation to maternity units in the antenatal period. APH most commonly arises from placenta previa or placental abruption; placenta previa is typically associated with painless bleeding while in the latter, patients usually present with abdominal pain or uterine contractions. It is important to recognise that bleeding may be concealed especially in placenta abruption and therefore the actual blood loss may supersede that found on clinical examination. It is therefore paramount to accurately assess and interpret the haemodynamic circulation of the patient presenting with APH. The initial management of APH is the same regardless of the underlying cause and includes obtaining intravenous access, sending blood for group and crossmatch, full blood count and a Kleihauer test in Rhesus-negative patients. Scenarios that will require more aggressive resuscitation with intravenous fluids and blood products include massive obstetric haemorrhage more than 1000ml, placental abruption with early-onset coagulopathy and clinical manifestations of hypovolemic shock.
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