Adorno, Theodor W. “Education after Auschwitz.” In Critical Models: “Interventions” and “Catchwords,” translated by Henry W. Pickford, 191–204. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.Google Scholar

Ali, Muhammad. The Greatest: My Own Story. With Richard Durham. New York: Random House, 1975.Google Scholar

Ali, Muhammad. “Playboy Interview: Cassius Clay.” By Alex Haley. Playboy, October 1964, 67–82, 190–92.Google Scholar

Almond, Steve. “The NFL Is a Billion Dollar ‘Plantation.’” WBUR.org, February 9, 2022. www.wbur.org/cognoscenti/2022/02/09/nfl-superbowl-race-norming-brian-flores-steve-almond.Google Scholar

Alou, Felipe. “Latin-American Ballplayers Need a Bill of Rights.” Sport, November 1963.Google Scholar

Anand, Bharat, and Attea, Kate. International Management Group. Boston: Harvard Business Publishing, 2001.Google Scholar

Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 1983.Google Scholar

Andrews, John. “The Paymasters.” In “Not Just a Game.” Supplement, Economist, June 6, 1998, 14–17.Google Scholar

Angelou, Maya. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. New York: Random House, 1969.Google Scholar

Armfield, Greg C., and McGuire, John. “You’ve Come a Long Way, Baby.” Preface to The ESPN Effect: Exploring the Worldwide Leader in Sports, edited by McGuire, John, Greg, C. Armfield, and Earnheardt, Adam, xiii–xvii. New York: Peter Lang, 2015.Google Scholar

Armour, Mark, and Levitt, Daniel R.. “Baseball Demographics, 1947–2016.” Society for American Baseball Research. https://sabr.org/bioproj/topic/baseball-demographics-1947-2016/.Google Scholar

Atanasoski, Neda. Humanitarian Violence: The U.S. Deployment of Diversity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013.Google Scholar

Atanasoski, Neda, and Vora, Kalindi. Surrogate Humanity: Race, Robots, and the Politics of Technological Futures. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2019.Google Scholar

Badenhausen, Kurt. “Why ESPN Is Worth $40 Billion as the World’s Most Valuable Media Property.” Forbes, November 9, 2012. www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2012/11/09/why-espn-is-the-worlds-most-valuable-media-property-and-worth-40-billion/.Google Scholar

Baerg, Andrew. “Draft Day: Risk, Responsibility, and Fantasy Football.” In Fantasy Sports and the Changing Sports Media Industry: Media, Players, and Society, edited by Bowman, Nicholas David, Spinda, John S. W., and Sanderson, Jimmy, 99–119. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016.Google Scholar

Baker, Peter, and Fletcher, Michael A.. “Clinton’s Town Hall Taking Discussion of Race into Sports Arena.” New York Times, April 14, 1998.Google Scholar

Baldwin, James. “The Black Boy Looks at the White Boy.” Esquire, May 1961, 102–6.Google Scholar

Baldwin, James. “The Fight: Patterson vs. Liston.” Nugget, November 1963, 32–34, 67–70.Google Scholar

Bannister, Roger. “Beyond the Boundary.” Sports Illustrated, August 13, 1979, 130–38.Google Scholar

Bannister, Roger. “My Olympic Defeat Hurt So Much I Went after the Four-Minute Mile.” Interview by Alice Thomson. Times, July 28, 2012.Google Scholar

Bannister, Roger. “Opening Remarks to a Joint Meeting of the British Association of Sport Medicine with the British Olympic Association.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 1 (1974): 3–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bannister, Roger. Twin Tracks. London: Robson Press, 2014.Google Scholar

“Bannister Offers Speculation about ‘Advantages’ for Blacks.” New York Times, September 14, 1995.Google Scholar

Baraka, Amiri. The Autobiography of Leroi Jones. New York: Freundlich Books, 1984.Google Scholar

Baraka, Amiri. “In the Ring (2).” Nation, June 29, 1964, 661–62.Google Scholar

Barbarisi, Daniel. Dueling with Kings: High Stakes, Killer Sharks, and the Get-Rich Promise of Daily Fantasy Sports. New York: Touchstone, 2017.Google Scholar

Barnes, Bart, and Scannell, Nancy. “No Sporting Chance.” Washington Post, May 12, 1974.Google Scholar

Barnes, Katie. “Jonquel Jones and the Untold Story of the WNBA’s Reigning MVP.” ESPN.com, June 22, 2022. www.espn.com/wnba/story/_/id/34109460/jonquel-jones-untold-story-wnba-reigning-mvp.Google Scholar

Barrett, Lindon. Blackness and Value: Seeing Double. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Bass, Amy. Not the Triumph but the Struggle: The 1968 Olympics and the Making of the Black Athlete. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002.Google Scholar

Bass, Amy. “State of the Field: Sports History and the ‘Cultural Turn.’” Journal of American History 101, no. 1 (2014): 148–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bederman, Gail. Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880–1917. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bell, Le’Veon [Juice]. “Target.” My Side of Things. Melodie Music, 2018.Google Scholar

Bell, Le’Veon (@LeVeonBell). “This is loooong overdue!!” Twitter, July 29, 2019, 2:47 p.m. https://twitter.com/LeVeonBell/status/1155927944692264960.Google Scholar

Benedict, Ruth. Race: Science and Politics. New York: Modern Age Books, 1940.Google Scholar

Benedict, Ruth, and Weltfish, Gene. The Races of Mankind. New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1943.Google Scholar

Bennett, James. “President Leads TV Discussion on Role of Race in Sports.” New York Times, April 15, 1998.Google Scholar

Bennett, William J. “No Drugs on Campus.” New York Times, July 11, 1986.Google Scholar

Berman, Chris. Foreword to SportsCentury, edited by MacCambridge, Michael, 17. New York: Hyperion, 1999.Google Scholar

Berri, David J., and Simmons, Rob. “Catching a Draft: On the Process of Selecting Quarterbacks in the National Football League Amateur Draft.” Journal of Productivity Analysis 35, no. 1 (2009): 37–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berry, Matthew. Fantasy Life: The Outrageous, Uplifting, and Heartbreaking World of Fantasy Sports from the Guy Who’s Lived It. New York: Riverhead Books, 2013.Google Scholar

Best, Neil. “Roger Goodell Says NFL Concussion Lawsuit Settlement in Best Interest of Players, Too.” Newsday, September 4, 2013.Google Scholar

“Bias-Free Interracial Comparisons.” Nature 377, no. 6546 (1995): 183–84.Google Scholar

“Bias’s Death Prompts Calls to Step Up Drug War.” Los Angeles Times, June 26, 1986.Google Scholar

Biederman, Les. “Clouter Clemente: Popular Buc.” Sporting News, September 5, 1964, 3–4.Google Scholar

Billings, Andrew C., Buzzelli, Nicholas R., and Fan, Minghui. “Growing in Tandem with Media: Fantasy Sport, Media Use, and the Formation of an Industry Giant.” International Journal of the History of Sport 38, no. 1 (2021): 28–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Billings, Andrew C., and Ruihley, Brody J.. The Fantasy Sports Industry: Games within Games. London: Routledge, 2014.Google Scholar

Bims, Hamilton. “Roberto Clemente: Sad End for a Troubled Man.” Ebony, March 1973, 52–60.Google Scholar

The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars and Motor Kings. Directed by John Badham. Universal Pictures, 1976.Google Scholar

Bissinger, H. G. Email message to author. December 14, 2022.Google Scholar

Bissinger, H. G. Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990.Google Scholar

Bissinger, H. G. Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream. 25th anniversary ed. New York: Hachette, 2015.Google Scholar

Bjarkman, Peter C. Baseball with a Latin Beat: A History of the Latin American Game. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1994.Google Scholar

Black, Joe. “How about That Marichal Mess?” New York Amsterdam News, September 11, 1965.Google Scholar

Blinders [Kevin Bonnet]. “The Shot Heard Round the World.” Blinders, June 21, 2007. http://blinderspoker.blogspot.com/2007/06/shot-heard-round-world.html.Google Scholar

Boas, Franz. “Racial Purity.” Asia, May 1940, 231–34.Google Scholar

Boas, Franz. “What Is a Race?” Nation, January 28, 1925, 89–91.Google Scholar

Boddy, Kasia. Boxing: A Cultural History. London: Reaktion, 2008.Google Scholar

Booker, Simeon. Washington Notebook. In “Black on Black Crime: The Causes, the Consequences, the Cures.” Special issue, Ebony, August 1979, 27.Google Scholar

Bouchette, , Ed. “Final Exam: Steelers Throw New Mental Test at Would-Be Draftees.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 24, 1994.Google Scholar

Bouchette, Ed. “Rookie in a Rush to Make Name for Self: Henry Tries to Impress Steelers.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 12, 1993.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. “Sport and Social Class.” Translated by Richard Nice. Social Science Transformation 17, no. 6 (1978): 819–40.Google Scholar

Bouton, Jim. Ball Four: My Life and Hard Times Throwing the Knuckleball in the Big Leagues. New York: World Publishing, 1970.Google Scholar

Boyd, Todd. “The Game Is to Be Sold, Not to Be Told.” In Basketball Jones: America above the Rim, edited by Boyd, Todd and Shropshire, Kenneth L., ix–xii. New York: New York University Press, 2000.Google Scholar

Boyd, Todd. Young, Black, Rich, and Famous: The Rise of the NBA, the Hip Hop Invasion, and the Transformation of American Culture. New York: Doubleday, 2003.Google Scholar

Boylan, Christopher, McMahon, Ryan, and Monroe, Burt L.. “NFL Draft Profiles Are Full of Racial Stereotypes. And That Matters for When Quarterbacks Get Drafted.” Washington Post, April 27, 2017.Google Scholar

Boylan, Christopher, McMahon, Ryan, and Monroe, Burt L.. “Racially Differentiated Language in NFL Scouting Reports.” In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 2016.Google Scholar

Boyle, Robert H. “The Private World of the Negro Ballplayer.” Sports Illustrated, March 21, 1960, 16–19, 74–84.Google Scholar

Brake, Deborah L. Getting in the Game: Title IX and the Women’s Sports Revolution. New York: New York University, 2010.Google Scholar

Bramble, Dennis M., and Lieberman, Daniel E.. “Endurance Running and the Evolution of Homo.” Nature, no. 432 (2004): 345–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Branch, Taylor. “The Shame of College Sports.” Atlantic, October 2011, 80–110.Google Scholar

Brashler, William. The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars and Motor Kings. New York: Harper and Row, 1973.Google Scholar

Brashler, William. Preface to The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars and Motor Kings, vii–xv. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993.Google Scholar

Brashler, William. The Story of Negro League Baseball. New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1994.Google Scholar

Bray, Michael. Powers of the Mind: Mental and Manual Labor in the Contemporary Political Crisis. Bielefeld, Germany: Transcript, 2019.Google Scholar

Brecht, Bertolt. “Emphasis on Sport.” In Brecht on Theatre: The Development of an Aesthetic, trans. John Willett, 6–9. New York: Hill and Wang, 1964.Google Scholar

Brenner, Robert. The Economics of Global Turbulence: The Advanced Capitalist Economies from the Long Boom to the Long Downturn, 1945–2005. London: Verso, 2006.Google Scholar

“Brittney Griner.” ESPN The Magazine, July 20, 2015, 108–11.Google Scholar

Brock, Lisa, and Bayne, Bijan. “Not Just Black: African-Americans, Cubans, and Baseball.” In Between Race and Empire: African-Americans and Cubans before the Cuban Revolution, edited by Brock, Lisa and Fuertes, Digna Castañeda, 168–204. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998.Google Scholar

Broeg, Bob. “Loss of One Turn No Stiff Penalty.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 24, 1965.Google Scholar

Brokaw, Tom, host. Black Athletes: Fact and Fiction. NBC Nightly News. Aired April 25, 1989, on NBC.Google Scholar

Brosnan, Jim. The Long Season. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1960.Google Scholar

Brosnan, Jim. “Now Pitching for St. Louis … the Rookie Psychiatrist.” Sports Illustrated, July 21, 1958, 12–15, 57.Google Scholar

Brosnan, Jim. Pennant Race. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1962.Google Scholar

Brosnan, Jim. “A Pitcher-Author Writes His Book on Pirate Lineup.” Life, October 10, 1960, 168, 173–80.Google Scholar

Brown, Wendy. Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution. New York: Zone Books, 2016.Google Scholar

Browne, Simone. Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015.Google Scholar

Brozan, Nadine. “Three Olympians Take the President for a Run.” New York Times, July 17, 1993.Google Scholar

Bryant, Howard. The Heritage: Black Athletes, a Divided America, and the Politics of Patriotism. Boston: Beacon Press, 2018.Google Scholar

Buehler, Branden. Front Office Fantasies: The Rise of Managerial Sports Media. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burfoot, Amby. “Let Semenya Run Free … in the 1500.” LetsRun.com, May 2, 2019. www.letsrun.com/news/2019/05/guest-column-by-amby-burfoot-let-semenya-run-free-in-the-1500/.Google Scholar

Burfoot, Amby. “White Men Can’t Run.” Runner’s World, August 1992, 89–95.Google Scholar

Burgos, Adrian, Jr. Cuban Star: How One Negro-League Owner Changed the Face of Baseball. New York: Hill and Wang, 2011.Google Scholar

Burgos, Adrian, Jr. “Left Out: Afro-Latinos, Black Baseball, and the Revision of Baseball’s Racial History.” Social Text 21, no. 7 (2009): 37–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burgos, Adrian, Jr. Playing America’s Game: Baseball, Latinos, and the Color Line. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Burgos, Adrian, Jr., and Guridy, Frank Andre. “Becoming Suspect in Usual Places: Latinos, Baseball, and Belonging in el Barrio del Bronx.” In Beyond el Barrio: Everyday Life in Latina/o America, edited by Pérez, Gina M., Guridy, Frank Andre, and Burgos, Adrian Jr., 81–99. New York: New York University Press, 2010.Google Scholar

Butler, Judith. “Athletic Genders: Hyperbolic Instance and/or the Overcoming of Sexual Binarism.” In “The Athlete’s Body,” edited by Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich, Leland, Ted, Schavone, Rick, and Schnapp, Jeffrey T., 103–11. Special issue, Stanford Humanities Review 6, no. 4 (1998).Google Scholar

Butler, Judith. “Wise Distinctions: Thoughts on Caster Semenya.” Los Angeles Review of Books, November 20, 2009. www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2009/november/wise-distinctions.Google Scholar

Byers, Walter. Unsportsmanlike Conduct: Exploiting College Athletes. With Charles Hammer. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carpenter, Linda Jean. “The Impact of Title IX on Women’s Intercollegiate Sports.” In Government and Sport: The Public Policy Issues, edited by Johnson, Arthur T. and Frey, James H., 62–78. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Allanheld, 1985.Google Scholar

Carpenter, Wendy. “Lively Howard Forum Examines Race and Sports.” Washington Times, March 3, 1997.Google Scholar

Carrington, Ben. “Of Races, Hurdles and Sporting Chances.” Letter to the editor. Independent, September 19, 1995.Google Scholar

Carrington, Ben. Race, Sport and Politics: The Sporting Black Diaspora. Los Angeles: Sage, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carrington, Ben, and McDonald, Ian. Introduction to “Race,” Sport and British Society, edited by Carrington, Ben and McDonald, Ian, 1–26. London: Routledge, 2001.Google Scholar

Carter, Ben. “Can 10,000 Hours of Practice Make You an Expert?” BBC News Online, March 1, 2014. www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26384712.Google Scholar

Carter, Chelsey R., and Canada, Tracie. “The NFL’s Racist ‘Race Norming’ Is an Afterlife of Slavery.” Scientific American, July 8, 2021. www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-nfls-racist-race-norming-is-an-afterlife-of-slavery/.Google Scholar

Castles, Robin (@RobinCastles). “You abandoned your teammates and you ain’t shit.” July 29, 2019, comment on Bell, “This is loooong overdue!!” https://twitter.com/RobinCastles/status/1155939507629248513?s=20&t=BBqQwu_fyunSwxVAFfU5eQ.Google Scholar

Cepeda, Orlando. Baby Bull: From Hardball to Hard Time and Back. With Herb Fagen. Dallas: Taylor Publishing, 1998.Google Scholar

Chapman, Stephen. “The Best Magazine in America.” Chicago Tribune, April 5, 1984.Google Scholar

Charnofsky, Harold. “The Major League Professional Baseball Player: Self-Conception versus the Popular Image.” International Review of Sport Sociology 3, no. 1 (1968): 39–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Charnofsky, Harold. “The Major League Professional Baseball Player: A Sociological Study.” PhD diss., University of Southern California, 1969.Google Scholar

Chen, Albert. Billion Dollar Fantasy: The High-Stakes Game between FanDuel and DraftKings That Upended Sports in America. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2019.Google Scholar

Christine, Bill. Roberto! New York: Stadia Sports, 1973.Google Scholar

Chudacoff, Howard W. Changing the Playbook: How Power, Profit, and Politics Transformed College Sports. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clarey, Christopher. “Gender Test after a Gold-Medal Finish.” New York Times, August 19, 2009.Google Scholar

Clark, Alfred E. “Judge in Fix Case Condemns Kentucky Teams and Coach.” New York Times, April 30, 1952.Google Scholar

Class Action Complaint, Flores v. National Football League et al. No. 1:22-cv-00871 (SDNY 2022).Google Scholar

Class Action Complaint, Henry et al. v. National Football League. No. 2:20-cv-04165 (ED Pa. 2020).Google Scholar

Class Action Settlement Agreement (as Amended), Turner et al. v. National Football League (In re National Football League Players’ Concussion Injury Litigation). No. 2:12-md-02323-AB (ED Pa. 2015).Google Scholar

Cleaver, Eldridge. Soul on Ice. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968.Google Scholar

Clemente, Roberto. “A Conversation with Clemente.” Interview by Sam Nover. WIIC-TV, October 8, 1972.Google Scholar

Clemente, Roberto. “Highlights in Baseball’s Week: Guest Column.” Pittsburgh Courier, June 4, 1960.Google Scholar

“Clemente Happy over Winning Hit.” Baltimore Sun, July 12, 1961.Google Scholar

Clifford, Stephanie. “Special Issues Are Bright Spots for Magazines.” New York Times, October 11, 2009.Google Scholar

Cohan, Noah. We Average Unbeautiful Watchers: Fan Narratives and the Reading of American Sports. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cohn, Howard. “Roberto Clemente’s Problem.” Sport, May 1962, 54–56, 100–3.Google Scholar

“Colleges Adopt the ‘Sanity Code’ to Govern Sports.” New York Times, January 11, 1948.Google Scholar

Collins, Bud. “Rocky Beats Clay by ‘KO.’” Boston Globe, January 21, 1970.Google Scholar

Commonwealth v. Collberg. 119 Mass. 350 (1876).Google Scholar

“Computer Crowns Rocky Marciano.” Chicago Daily Defender, January 22, 1970.Google Scholar

Condotta, Bob. “Richard Sherman: Fantasy Football Makes Some Fans Look at Players as Less than People.” Seattle Times, October 2, 2017. www.seattletimes.com/sports/seahawks/chris-carson-injury-ignites-richard-sherman-rant-against-fantasy-football/.Google Scholar

Connolly, Pat. “An Athlete to Remember, for a Variety of Reasons.” New York Times, September 27, 1998.Google Scholar

Constitution of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. In 1955–1956 Yearbook of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, 3–13. Kansas City, MO: National Collegiate Athletic Association, 1956.Google Scholar

Cooky, Cheryl, and Dworkin, Shari L.. “Policing the Boundaries of Sex: A Critical Examination of Gender Verification and the Caster Semenya Controversy.” Journal of Sex Research 50, no. 2 (2013): 103–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Coover, Robert. The Universal Baseball Association, Inc., J. Henry Waugh, Prop. New York: Random House, 1968.Google Scholar

Corrigan, Thomas F. “Digging the Moat: The Political Economy of ESPN’s Cable Carriage Fees.” In ESPN and the Changing Sports Media Landscape, edited by Armfield, Greg C., McGuire, John, and Earnheardt, Adam, 37–51. New York: Peter Lang, 2019.Google Scholar

Cottrell, John. Muhammad Ali, Who Once Was Cassius Clay. New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1967.Google Scholar

Court of Arbitration for Sport. “CAS Arbitration: Caster Semenya, Athletics South Africa, and International Association of Athletics Federations Decision.” Press release. May 1, 2019. www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_Semenya_ASA_IAAF_decision.pdf.Google Scholar

Craig, Jack. “ESPN: 24 Hours Is Not Too Much.” Boston Globe, August 2, 1981.Google Scholar

Cranmer, Gregory A., Brann, Maria, and Bowman, Nicholas D.. “Male Athletes, Female Aesthetics: The Continued Ambivalence toward Female Athletes in ESPN’s The Body Issue.” International Journal of Sports Communication 7, no. 2 (2014): 145–65.Google Scholar

Cranmer, Gregory A., Lancaster, Alexander L., and Harris, Tina M.. “Shot in Black and White: Visualized Framing in ESPN’s The Body Issue.” International Journal of Sports Communication 9, no. 2 (2016): 209–28.Google Scholar

Cromwell, Dean B. Championship Technique in Track and Field. With Al Wesson. New York: Whittlesey House, 1941.Google Scholar

Crowley, Joseph N. In the Arena: The NCAA’s First Century. Indianapolis: National Collegiate Athletic Association, 2006.Google Scholar

Crupi, Anthony. “Fantasy Sports Sites DraftKings, FanDuel September Spend Tops $100 Million.” Ad Age, September 30, 2015. https://adage.com/article/media/draftkings-fanduel-spe/300658.Google Scholar

Crupi, Anthony. “NFL Swallows TV Whole, Notching 93 of the Year’s Top 100 Broadcasts.” Sportico, January 5, 2024. www.sportico.com/business/media/2024/nfl-posts-93-of-top-100-tv-broadcasts-2023-1234761753/.Google Scholar

Dak [Dave King]. “Some Questions and Some Answers.” Fire Joe Morgan, April 20, 2005. www.firejoemorgan.com/2005/04/some-questions-and-some-answers.html.Google Scholar

Darcy, Kieran. “Giants’ Brandon Jacobs Sounds Off.” ESPN.com, October 23, 2013. www.espn.com/new-york/nfl/story/_/id/9869573/brandon-jacobs-new-york-giants-sounds-fantasy-football-players.Google Scholar

Darda, Joseph. Empire of Defense: Race and the Cultural Politics of Permanent War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Darda, Joseph. How White Men Won the Culture Wars: A History of Veteran America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2021.Google Scholar

Darda, Joseph. The Strange Career of Racial Liberalism. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dark, Alvin. Chapter 10. In Baseball Has Done It, edited by Robinson, Jackie and Dexter, Charles, 106–9. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1964.Google Scholar

Davies, David. “McCormack, the Man Who Wanted More.” Guardian, May 16, 2003.Google Scholar

Davis, Amira Rose. “‘Watch What We Do’: The Politics and Possibilities of Black Women’s Athletics, 1910–1970.” PhD diss., Johns Hopkins University, 2016.Google Scholar

Davis, Miles. “Yesternow.” Jack Johnson. Columbia, 1971.Google Scholar

Davis, Philip. Bernard Malamud: A Writer’s Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar

De Genova, Nicholas. “The Stakes of an Anthropology of the United States.” New Centennial Review 7, no. 2 (2007): 231–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

de la Merced, Michael J., and Benner, Katie. “As Department Stores Close, Stitch Fix Expands Online.” New York Times, May 10, 2017.Google Scholar

de Moraes, Lisa. “Haven’t We Seen You Somewhere Before?” Washington Post, March 29, 2003.Google Scholar

Deford, Frank. “Sometimes the Bear Eats You: Confessions of a Sportswriter.” Sports Illustrated, March 29, 2010, 52–62.Google Scholar

Deford, Frank, ed. The Best American Sports Writing, 1993. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1993.Google Scholar

Deloria, Philip J. Playing Indian. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.Google Scholar

Democratic Leadership Council. The New Orleans Declaration: A Democratic Agenda for the 1990s. Washington, DC: Democratic Leadership Council, 1990.Google Scholar

Derrida, Jacques. Given Time: I. Counterfeit Money. Translated by Peggy Kamuf. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.Google Scholar

Desai, Saahil. “College Sports Are Affirmative Action for Rich White Students.” Atlantic, October 23, 2018. www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2018/10/college-sports-benefits-white-students/573688/.Google Scholar

Dinces, Sean. Bulls Market: Chicago’s Basketball Business and the New Inequality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dorsey, Valerie Lynn. “One Running Back Doesn’t Mind Being Different.” USA Today, December 19, 1991.Google Scholar

“Douglas H. Wigdor.” Wigdor LLP, 2023. www.wigdorlaw.com/our-team/douglas-h-wigdor/.Google Scholar

Doyle, Jennifer. “Art and Desire.” World Literature Today 85, no. 3 (2011): 44–45.Google Scholar

Doyle, Jennifer. “Dirt Off Her Shoulders.” Introduction to “The Athlete Issue,” edited by Doyle, Jennifer, 419–33. Special issue, GLQ 19, no. 4 (2013).Google Scholar

Draft Day. Directed by Ivan Reitman. Lionsgate, 2014.Google Scholar

Drayer, Joris, and Dwyer, Brendan. “Perception of Fantasy Is Not Always the Reality: An Exploratory Examination into Blacks’ Lack of Participation in Fantasy Sports.” International Journal of Sports Management 14 (2013): 81–102.Google Scholar

Du Bois, W. E. B. The Gift of Black Folk: The Negroes in the Making of America. Boston: Stratford, 1924.Google Scholar

Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches. Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1903.Google Scholar

Duderstadt, James J. Intercollegiate Athletics and the American University: A University President’s Perspective. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Durso, Joseph. “Clemente Is in Hall of Fame.” New York Times, March 21, 1973.Google Scholar

Early, Gerald. “The Black Intellectual and the Sport of Prizefighting.” Kenyon Review 10, no. 3 (1988): 44–65.Google Scholar

Edwards, Harry. “The Black ‘Dumb Jock’: An American Sports Tragedy.” College Board Review, no. 131 (1984): 8–13.Google Scholar

Edwards, Harry. The Revolt of the Black Athlete. New York: Free Press, 1969.Google Scholar

Edwards, Harry. “The Sources of the Black Athlete’s Superiority.” Black Scholar 3, no. 3 (1971): 32–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eig, Jonathan. Ali: A Life. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017.Google Scholar

Eisenberg, Lee. “The Awful Truth about Rotisserie League Baseball.” New York Times, April 8, 1990.Google Scholar

Ellenport, Craig. “A Bold New Network, a Preposterous Idea: How the NFL Draft Came to TV.” Sports Illustrated, April 22, 2020. www.si.com/nfl/2020/04/22/how-espn-televised-nfl-draft-for-the-first-time.Google Scholar

Ellison, Ralph. Introduction to Shadow and Act, xi–xxiii. New York: Random House, 1964.Google Scholar

Elsey, Brenda. Citizens and Sportsmen: Fútbol and Politics in Twentieth-Century Chile. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Enstad, Nan. Cigarettes, Inc. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Entine, Jon. “Breaking the Taboo.” Index on Censorship 29, no. 4 (2000): 62–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Entine, Jon. Taboo: Why Black Athletes Dominate Sports and Why We’re Afraid to Talk about It. New York: PublicAffairs, 2000.Google Scholar

Epstein, David. The Sports Gene: Inside the Science of Extraordinary Athletic Performance. New York: Current, 2013.Google Scholar

Ericsson, K. Anders. “The Danger of Delegating Education to Journalists: Why the APS Observer Needs Peer Review When Summarizing New Scientific Developments.” 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20140717041100/http://psy.fsu.edu/faculty/ericsson/2012%20Ericssons%20reply%20to%20APS%20Observer%20article%20Oct%2028%20on%20web.doc.Google Scholar

ESPN. “ESPN The Magazine Announces ‘Body Issue’ Athletes.” Press release. October 1, 2009. https://espnpressroom.com/us/press-releases/2009/10/espn-the-magazine-announces-body-issue-athletes/.Google Scholar

ESPN. “ESPN to Televise NFL Selections.” Press release. March 31, 1980.Google Scholar

ESPN. “Mike Hall Wins ESPN’s Dream Job.” Press release. March 29, 2004. www.espn.com/eoe/dreamjob_press_release.html.Google Scholar

“ESPN Blacks Out Black Colleges.” New Pittsburgh Courier, November 7, 1981.Google Scholar

“ESPN Town Meeting: ‘Sports in Black and White.’” Sports Business Daily, March 3, 1997.Google Scholar

Exec. Order No. 13,050. 3 C.F.R. 207–8 (1997).Google Scholar

Ezra, Michael. Muhammad Ali: The Making of an Icon. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Fagan, Kate. “Owning the Middle.” ESPN The Magazine, June 10, 2013, 76–89.Google Scholar

“Failed Athletes.” San Francisco Chronicle, July 3, 1986.Google Scholar

Falla, Jack. NCAA: The Voice of College Sports. Mission, KS: National Collegiate Athletic Association, 1981.Google Scholar

Fanon, Frantz. Black Skin, White Masks. Translated by Charles Lam Markmann. New York: Grove Press, 1967.Google Scholar

Fantasy Sports Trade Association. “Industry Demographics.” 2014. www.fsta.org/?page=demographics.Google Scholar

Fargis, Chris. “My New Business Venture: Instant Fantasy Sports.” Twenty-One Outs Twice, September 14, 2007. http://twentyoneoutstwice.blogspot.com/2007/09/my-new-business-venture-instant-fantasy.html.Google Scholar

Farr, Finis. Black Champion: The Life and Times of Jack Johnson. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1964.Google Scholar

Farred, Grant. The Burden of Over-Representation: Race, Sport, and Philosophy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2018.Google Scholar

Farred, Grant. What’s My Name? Black Vernacular Intellectuals. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Ferguson, Roderick A. Aberrations in Black: Toward a Queer of Color Critique. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Ferguson, Roderick A. The Reorder of Things: The University and Its Pedagogies of Minority Difference. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ferguson, Roderick A. We Demand: The University and Student Protests. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2017.Google Scholar

Ferretti, Fred. “For Major-League Addicts, a Way to Win a Pennant.” New York Times, July 8, 1980.Google Scholar

Fickle, Tara. The Race Card: From Gaming Technologies to Model Minorities. New York: New York University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fiedler, Leslie A. Love and Death in the American Novel. New York: Criterion, 1960.Google Scholar

Figuero-Vásquez, Yomaira C. Decolonizing Diasporas: Radical Mappings of Afro-Atlantic Literatures. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Findeisen, Christopher. “‘The One Place Where Money Makes No Difference’: The Campus Novel from Stover at Yale through The Art of Fielding.” American Literature 88, no. 1 (2016): 67–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Finn, Adharanand. Running with the Kenyans: Passion, Adventure, and the Secrets of the Fastest People on Earth. New York: Ballantine, 2012.Google Scholar

Fitzgerald, F. Scott. “Ring.” New Republic, October 11, 1933, 254–55.Google Scholar

Fleetwood, Nicole R. On Racial Icons: Blackness and the Public Imagination. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2015.Google Scholar

Flynn, Meagan. “Seattle Sports Stars Sue Bird and Megan Rapinoe Are First Same-Sex Couple on Cover of ESPN’s Body Issue.” Washington Post, June 26, 2018.Google Scholar

Fowler, Jeremy. “Le’Veon Bell: ‘I Don’t Think I Should Settle for Anything Less than What I’m Valued at.’” ESPN.com, March 5, 2018. www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/22657079/leveon-bell-pittsburgh-steelers-gets-franchise-tag-again.Google Scholar

Fowlkes, Ben. “‘Rampage’ Jackson, Rashad Evans and the Politics of Race in MMA.” MMA Fighting, May 25, 2010. www.mmafighting.com/2010/05/25/rampage-jackson-rashad-evans-and-the-politics-of-race-in-mma.Google Scholar

Frazier, E. Franklin. Negro Youth at the Crossroads: Their Personality Development in the Middle States. Washington, DC: American Council on Education, 1940.Google Scholar

Freeman, Michael. ESPN: The Uncensored History. Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2000.Google Scholar

Friday Night Lights. Directed by Peter Berg. Universal Pictures, 2004.Google Scholar

Friedman, Jack. “The Most Peppery Game since the Hot Stove League? It’s Rotisserie Baseball.” People, April 23, 1984, 40–42.Google Scholar

Frontline. Season 34, episode 3, “The Fantasy Sports Gamble.” Aired February 9, 2016, on PBS.Google Scholar

Frye, Andy. “Richard Sherman Gets Involved in the Future of Fantasy Football.” Forbes, August 23, 2018. www.forbes.com/sites/andyfrye/2018/08/23/richard-sherman-gets-involved-in-the-future-of-fantasy-football/?sh=6783b8d2d710.Google Scholar

Futterman, Matthew. Players: The Story of Sports and Money, and the Visionaries Who Fought to Create a Revolution. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2016.Google Scholar

geckofdc (@Captain9NYR). “@LeVeon Bell Venmo the $500 you cost me and we’ll call it even.” July 29, 2019, comment on Bell, “This is loooong overdue!!” https://twitter.com/captain9nyr/status/1155938058094563329?s=20&t=BBqQwu_fyunSwxVAFfU5eQ.Google Scholar

“General Secretary of IAAF Pierre Weiss on Caster Semenya.” LetsRun.com video, 3:01, August 19, 2009. www.youtube.com/watch?v=FK7tLvuwr4c.Google Scholar

Gilbert, Bill, and Williamson, Nancy. “Women in Sport: A Progress Report.” Sports Illustrated, July 29, 1974, 26–31.Google Scholar

Gilbert, Dan. “Open Letter to Fans from Cleveland Majority Owner Dan Gilbert.” NBA.com, July 8, 2010. www.nba.com/cavaliers/news/gilbert_letter_100708.html.Google Scholar

Gilbert, Daniel A. “Not (Just) about the Money: Contextualizing the Labor Activism of College Football Players.” In “Sport in the University,” edited by Cohan, Noah, Gilbert, Daniel A., Runstedtler, Theresa, Steward, Tyran Kai, and Trimbur, Lucia, 19–34. Special issue, American Studies 55, no. 3 (2016).Google Scholar

Gill, Andrew, and Brajer, Vitor. “Wonderlic, Race, and the NFL Draft.” Journal of Sports Economics 13, no. 6 (2012): 642–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gilmore, Ruth Wilson. Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Gilmore, Ruth Wilson, and Gilmore, Craig. “Restating the Obvious.” In Indefensible State: The Architecture of the National Insecurity State, edited by Sorkin, Michael, 141–62. New York: Routledge, 2008.Google Scholar

Gilroy, Paul. Between Camps: Nations, Cultures and the Allure of Race. London: Penguin, 2000.Google Scholar

Gladwell, Malcolm. “Man and Superman.” New Yorker, September 9, 2013, 76–80.Google Scholar

Gladwell, Malcolm. Outliers: The Story of Success. New York: Little, Brown, 2008.Google Scholar

Gladwell, Malcolm. “The Sports Taboo.” New Yorker, May 19, 1997, 50–55.Google Scholar

Goheen, Robert F. Memorandum to Everett D. Barnes and the Council of the NCAA. April 13, 1966. Box 566, “National Collegiate Athletic Association, General File, 1966” folder. Records of the President’s Office: William H. Elkins. Special Collections and University Archives, University of Maryland Libraries.Google Scholar

Goldberg, David Theo. “Call and Response: Sports, Talk Radio, and the Death of Democracy.” Journal of Sports and Social Issues 22, no. 2 (1998): 212–23.Google Scholar

Goldberg, Jeffrey. “Sore Winners.” New York Times Magazine, August 16, 1998, 30–33.Google Scholar

Gómez, Laura E. Inventing Latinos: A New Story of American Racism. New York: New Press, 2020.Google Scholar

Gómez, Laura E. Manifest Destinies: The Making of the Mexican American Race. New York: New York University Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Gorn, Elliott J. “The Manassa Mauler and the Fighting Marine: An Interpretation of the Dempsey–Tunney Fights.” Journal of American Studies 19, no. 1 (1985): 27–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gorn, Elliott J. The Manly Arts: Bare-Knuckle Prize Fighting in America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986.Google Scholar

Gottfredson, Linda S. “The Science and Politics of Race-Norming.” American Psychologist 49, no. 11 (1994): 955–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gottlieb, Jeff. “Seizure Led to FloJo’s Death.” Los Angeles Times, October 23, 1998.Google Scholar

Graeber, David. Toward an Anthropological Theory of Value: The False Coin of Our Own Dreams. New York: Palgrave, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gray, Jonathan. “Antifandom and the Moral Text: Television without Pity and Textual Dislike.” American Behavioral Scientist 48, no. 7 (2005): 840–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gray, Scott. The Mind of Bill James: How a Complete Outsider Changed Baseball. New York: Doubleday, 2006.Google Scholar

Green, Tim. The Dark Side of the Game: My Life in the NFL. New York: Warner Books, 1996.Google Scholar

Greer, Christina M. Black Ethnics: Race, Immigration, and the Pursuit of the American Dream. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Griggs et al. v. Duke Power Co. 401 US 424 (1971).Google Scholar

Groom, Dale. “Cardiovascular Observations on Tarahumara Indian Runners – the Modern Spartans.” American Heart Journal 81, no. 1 (1971): 304–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Guilmant, Pierre. “Jesse, McNeil Hit ‘Silence.’” Chicago Daily Defender, August 19, 1970.Google Scholar

Guridy, Frank Andre. Forging Diaspora: Afro-Cubans and African Americans in a World of Empire and Jim Crow. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guridy, Frank Andre. The Sports Revolution: How Texas Changed the Culture of American Athletics. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Halberstam, Jack. Female Masculinity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998.Google Scholar

Hall, Stuart. “Culture and Power.” Interview by Peter Osborne and Lynne Segal. Radical Philosophy, no. 86 (1997): 24–41.Google Scholar

Hall, Stuart. “Race, Articulation and Societies Structured in Dominance.” In Sociological Theories: Race and Colonialism, 305–45. Paris: UNESCO, 1980.Google Scholar

Hall, Stuart, Critcher, Chas, Jefferson, Tony, Clarke, John, and Roberts, Brian. Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order. London: Macmillan, 1978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hamill, Pete. “Muhammad Ali: ‘This Is about Me.’” Life, October 25, 1968, 67–68.Google Scholar

Hamilton, Tod G. Immigration and the Remaking of Black America. New York: Russell Sage, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hanford, George H. An Inquiry into the Need for and Feasibility of a National Study of Intercollegiate Athletics. Washington, DC: American Council on Education, 1974.Google Scholar

Hanford, George H. “We Should Speak the ‘Awful Truth’ about College Sports.” Chronicle of Higher Education, May 30, 2003, B10–12.Google Scholar

Hano, Arnold. “Roberto Clemente, Man of Paradox.” Sport, May 1965, 68–74.Google Scholar

Harlow, Alvin. “Unrecognized Stars.” Esquire, September 1938, 75, 119–20.Google Scholar

John A., Hartigan, and Wigdor, Alexandra K., eds. Fairness in Employment Testing: Validity Generalization, Minority Issues, and the General Aptitude Test Battery. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.Google Scholar

Hartman, Saidiya V. Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.Google Scholar

Hartmann, Douglas. Midnight Basketball: Race, Sports, and Neoliberal Social Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hartmann, Douglas. Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete: The 1968 Olympic Protests and Their Aftermath. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Hartmann, Douglas. “Rethinking the Relationships between Sport and Race in American Culture: Golden Ghettos and Contested Terrain.” Sociology of Sport Journal, no. 17 (2000): 229–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harvey, Randy. “Unfounded Rumors.” Los Angeles Times, September 29, 1988.Google Scholar

Hauser, Thomas. Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991.Google Scholar

Hawkins, Billy. The New Plantation: Black Athletes, College Sports, and Predominantly White NCAA Institutions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heath, James D. Sports Note Pad. Atlanta Daily World, July 29, 1973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heaton, Richard K., Walden Miller, S., Taylor, Michael J., and Grant, Michael. Revised Comprehensive Norms for an Expanded Halstead-Reitan Battery: Demographically Adjusted Neuropsychological Norms for African Americans and Caucasian Adults. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 2004.Google Scholar

Henne, Kathryn E. Testing for Athlete Citizenship: Regulating Doping and Sex in Sport. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2015.Google Scholar

Henry, Taylor M., and Oates, Thomas P.. “‘Sport Is Argument’: Polarization, Racial Tension, and the Televised Sport Debate Format.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 44, no. 2 (2020): 154–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Herrnstein, Richard J., and Murray, Charles. The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York: Free Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Heyns, Roger W. Cover letter to An Inquiry into the Need for and Feasibility of a National Study of Intercollegiate Athletics, by George H. Hanford. Washington, DC: American Council on Education, 1974.Google Scholar

Hiestand, Michael. “ESPN Forum Leaves Lots of Room for Sequel.” USA Today, March 3, 1997.Google Scholar

Hoberman, John. Darwin’s Athletes: How Sport Has Damaged Black America and Preserved the Myth of Race. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997.Google Scholar

Hobson, Will. “How ‘Race-Norming’ Was Built into the NFL Concussion Settlement.” Washington Post, August 2, 2021.Google Scholar

Holway, John. Voices from the Great Black Baseball Leagues. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1975.Google Scholar

Horkheimer, Max, and Adorno, Theodor W.. Dialectic of Enlightenment. Translated by John Cumming. New York: Herder and Herder, 1972.Google Scholar

HoSang, Daniel Martinez, and Lowndes, Joseph E.. Producers, Parasites, and Patriots: Race and the New Right-Wing Politics of Precarity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

“How Ali’s Antics Broke Up Rocky.” Detroit Free Press, January 25, 1970.Google Scholar

Hoxworth, Kellen. “Football Fantasies: Neoliberal Habitus, Racial Governmentality, and National Spectacle.” American Quarterly 72, no. 1 (2020): 155–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hughes, Kit, and Elkins, Evan. “Silicon Valley’s Team: The Golden State Warriors, Datafied Managerialism, and Basketball’s Racialized Geography.” In “The Body Issue: Sports and the Politics of Embodiment,” edited by Darda, Joseph and Davis, Amira Rose, 471–99. Special issue, American Quarterly 75, no. 3 (2023).Google Scholar

Hull, Kevin, Smith, Lauren R., and Schmittel, Annelie. “Form or Function? An Examination of ESPN Magazine’s ‘Body Issue.’” Visual Communication Quarterly 22, no. 2 (2015): 106–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hutchins, Brett, and Rowe, David. Sport beyond Television: The Internet, Digital Media, and the Rise of Networked Media Sport. New York: Routledge, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States. Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting. New York: Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States, 1906.Google Scholar

Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting. New York: Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States, 1909.Google Scholar

International Association of Athletics Federations. “IAAF Policy on Gender Verification.” 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20070112013204/www.iaaf.org/newsfiles/36983.pdf.Google Scholar

Isaacs, Stan. “Louisiana in Dark Showing Through.” Newsday, July 23, 1964.Google Scholar

“Ivy Group Agreement.” November 20, 1945. Box 38, folder 340. Alfred Whitney Griswold Records. Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.Google Scholar

Izenberg, Jerry. Great Latin Sports Figures: The Proud People. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976.Google Scholar

“J. Robinson-Mays Age Dying: The Latins, Whites Take Over Baseball.” New Pittsburgh Courier, March 16, 1968.Google Scholar

Jackson, Sheep. From the Sidelines. Call and Post, August 21, 1965.Google Scholar

Jackson, Sheep. From the Sidelines. Call and Post, May 13, 1967.Google Scholar

Jackson, Victoria. “‘We’re All Complicit to an Extent’: How Team USA Uses College Football and Basketball as Funding Sources.” Athletic, July 22, 2021. https://theathletic.com/2696130/2021/07/22/were-all-complicit-to-an-extent-how-team-usa-uses-college-football-and-basketball-as-funding-sources/.Google Scholar

Jacobson, Matthew Frye. Roots Too: White Ethnic Revival in Post–Civil Rights America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jacobson, Matthew Frye. Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.Google Scholar

James, Bill. 1978 Baseball Abstract: The 2nd Annual Edition of Baseball’s Most Informative and Imaginative Review. Lawrence, KS: self-published, 1978.Google Scholar

James, Bill. “1979 Baseball Forecast.” Esquire, April 24, 1979, 64–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

James, Bill. The Bill James Baseball Abstract, 1984. New York: Ballantine, 1984.Google Scholar

James, Bill. The Bill James Baseball Abstract, 1988. New York: Ballantine, 1988.Google Scholar

James, Bill. The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract. New York: Villard, 1986.Google Scholar

James, Bill (@billjamesonline). “Is there any such thing as a major league baseball player who is underpaid?” Twitter, November 8, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181110102306/https://twitter.com/billjamesonline.Google Scholar

James, C. L. R. Beyond a Boundary. London: Hutchinson, 1963.Google Scholar

James, C. L. R. The Life of Captain Cipriani: An Account of British Government in the West Indies. Nelson, Lancashire, UK: Coulton, 1932.Google Scholar

Jamieson, Dave. Mint Condition: How Baseball Cards Became an American Obsession. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2010.Google Scholar

Janis, Lauren. “ESPN: Home Field for Sports Addicts.” Columbia Journalism Review 40, no. 4 (2001): 96–97.Google Scholar

“Jay Berwanger Denies Asking $1,000 a Game.” Chicago Tribune, February 11, 1936.Google Scholar

Johnson, John H. “Publisher’s Statement.” In “Black on Black Crime: The Causes, the Consequences, the Cures.” Special issue, Ebony, August 1979, 32–33.Google Scholar

Johnson, Keyshawn. Just Give Me the Damn Ball! The Fast Times and Hard Knocks of an NFL Rookie. With Shelley Smith. New York: Warner Books, 1997.Google Scholar

Johnson, Lyndon B. “Commencement Address at Howard University: ‘To Fulfill These Rights.’” June 4, 1965. Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and Museum. www.lbjlibrary.org/object/text/commencement-address-howard-university-fulfill-these-rights-06-04-1965.Google Scholar

Johnson, Victoria E. “Historicizing TV Networking: Broadcasting, Cable, and the Case of ESPN.” In Media Industries: History, Theory, and Method, edited by Holt, Jennifer and Perren, Alisa, 57–68. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.Google Scholar

Johnson, Victoria E. Sports TV. New York: Routledge, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnson, William Oscar. “And in This Corner … NCR 315.” Sports Illustrated, September 16, 1968, 34–49.Google Scholar

Johnson, William Oscar. “Sports Junkies of the U.S., Rejoice!” Sports Illustrated, July 23, 1979, 43.Google Scholar

Jones, C. J. “Unfair Advantage Discourse in USA Powerlifting: Toward a Transfeminist Sport Studies.” TSQ 8, no. 1 (2021): 58–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, James Earl. “Jack Johnson Is Alive and Well … on Broadway.” Ebony, June 1969, 54–61.Google Scholar

Jones, Jonquel (@jus242). “It’s all a popularity contest and politics in wbb.” Twitter, February 18, 2022, 2:16 a.m. https://twitter.com/jus242/status/1494571538720436229.Google Scholar

Jordan-Young, Rebecca M., and Karkazis, Katrina. Testosterone: An Unauthorized Biography. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Junod, Tom. “The Dish from Mel.” Sports Illustrated, April 27, 1992, 46–52.Google Scholar

Kahn, Roger. The Boys of Summer. New York: Harper and Row, 1972.Google Scholar

Kalman-Lamb, Nathan, Silva, Derek, and Mellis, Johanna. “Race, Money, and Exploitation: Why College Sport Is Still the ‘New Plantation.’” Guardian, September 7, 2021. www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/sep/07/race-money-and-exploitation-why-college-sport-is-still-the-new-plantation.Google Scholar

Kane, Martin. “An Assessment of ‘Black Is Best.’” Sports Illustrated, January 18, 1971, 72–83.Google Scholar

Kang, Jay Caspian. “How the Daily Fantasy Sports Industry Turns Fans into Suckers.” New York Times Magazine, January 6, 2016. www.nytimes.com/2016/01/06/magazine/how-the-daily-fantasy-sports-industry-turns-fans-into-suckers.html.Google Scholar

Kang, Jay Caspian. “The Unbearable Whiteness of Baseball.” New York Times Magazine, April 6, 2016.Google Scholar

Katznelson, Ira. When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold Story of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America. New York: Norton, 2005.Google Scholar

Kaye, Andrew M. The Pussycat of Prizefighting: Tiger Flowers and the Politics of Black Celebrity. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Keese, Parton. “Bristol Hits the Big League in Sports TV.” New York Times, December 9, 1979.Google Scholar

Kellogg, Mary Alice. “Dice Baseball Fever.” Newsweek, August 23, 1976, 60–61.Google Scholar

Kempton, Murray. “‘I Whipped Him and I’m Still Pretty.’” New Republic, March 7, 1964, 9–10.Google Scholar

Kepner, Tyler. “Bill James, No Stranger to Controversy, Believes His Current One Is ‘Unfortunate.’” New York Times, November 8, 2018.Google Scholar

Kim, Claire Jean. Asian Americans in an Anti-Black World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kim, Claire Jean. Bitter Fruit: The Politics of Black-Korean Conflict in New York City. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000.Google Scholar

King, Peter. “White Guys Can’t Run.” Sports Illustrated, September 7, 1992, 28–29.Google Scholar

Kirshenbaum, Jerry. “An American Disgrace.” Sports Illustrated, February 27, 1989, 16–19.Google Scholar

Kissane, Rebecca Joyce, and Winslow, Sarah. Whose Game? Gender and Power in Fantasy Sports. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2020.Google Scholar

Klein, Alan. “Latinizing the ‘National Pastime.’” International Journal of the History of Sports 24, no. 2 (2007): 296–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Knight Foundation Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics. Keeping Faith with the Student-Athlete: A New Model for Intercollegiate Athletics. Charlotte, NC: Knight Foundation, 1991.Google Scholar

Knobler, Mike. “Against the Tide: Henry Has No Regrets about Playing for State.” Clarion-Ledger, December 20, 1992.Google Scholar

Lardner, John. “That Was Pugilism: White Hopes – I.” New Yorker, June 25, 1949, 56–67.Google Scholar

Lardner, John. “That Was Pugilism: White Hopes – II.” New Yorker, July 2, 1949, 36–46.Google Scholar

Larkin, Ben, Dwyer, Brendan, and Goebert, Chad. “Man or Machine: Fantasy Football and Dehumanization of Athletes.” Journal of Sport Management 34, no. 5 (2020): 403–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

“Latin Athletes’ ‘Plight’ Criticized.” Los Angeles Times, August 23, 1966.Google Scholar

“Latins in Baseball Check Dollar Drain.” New York Times, May 19, 1970.Google Scholar

Lee, Joon. “Inside the Rise of MLB’s Ivy League Culture: Stunning Numbers and a Question of What’s Next.” ESPN.com, June 30, 2020. www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/29369890/inside-rise-mlb-ivy-league-culture-stunning-numbers-question-next.Google Scholar

Lemire, Joe. “Strat-O-Matic More than a Game for Its Founders and Devotees.” Sports Illustrated, February 10, 2011. www.si.com/more-sports/2011/02/10/strat-omatic.Google Scholar

Leonard, David J. “Not a Hater, Just Keepin’ It Real: Race- and Gender-Based Game Studies.” Games and Culture 1, no. 1 (2006): 83–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leonard, David J. Playing while White: Privilege and Power on and off the Field. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leonard, David J., and Troutman Robbins, Stephanie. Introduction to Race in American Television: Voices and Visions That Shaped a Nation, edited by Leonard, David J. and Robbins, Stephanie Troutman, xvii–xxvi. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2021.Google Scholar

Leonard, John. “Out of Left Field.” New York Times, October 17, 1976.Google Scholar

Levy, Ariel. “Either/Or.” New Yorker, November 30, 2009, 46–59.Google Scholar

Lewis, Earl. “To Turn on a Pivot: Writing African Americans into a History of Overlapping Diasporas.” American Historical Review 100, no. 3 (1995): 765–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lewis, Michael. Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game. New York: Norton, 2003.Google Scholar

Lieberman, Daniel E., and Bramble, Dennis M.. “The Evolution of Marathon Running: Capabilities in Humans.” Sports Medicine 37, nos. 4–5: 288–90.Google Scholar

Liebler, Jill. “Maximum Exposure.” Sports Illustrated, May 1, 1989, 38–46.Google Scholar

Liebling, A. J. “A Blow for Austerity.” New Yorker, July 9, 1960, 66–80.Google Scholar

Liebling, A. J. “Boxing with the Naked Eye.” New Yorker, June 30, 1951, 31–38.Google Scholar

Lightfoot, Lawsi (@Sonoflow7997). “[middle finger].” July 29, 2019, comment on Bell, “This is loooong overdue!!” https://twitter.com/Sonoflaw7997/status/1155934100001185792?s=20&t=BBqQwu_fyunSwxVAFfU5eQ.Google Scholar

Lipsyte, Robert. “The Computer Fight.” New York Times, January 22, 1970.Google Scholar

Logan, Douglas G. “An Open Letter to President Bush.” USA Track and Field, July 22, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080726193730/www.usatf.org/news/view.aspx?DUID=USATF_2008_07_22_06_15_21.Google Scholar

London, Jack. The Abysmal Brute. New York: Century, 1913.Google Scholar

London, Jack. “In the Modern Stadium.” Australian Star, December 28, 1908.Google Scholar

A Long Way from Home: The Untold Story of Baseball’s Desegregation. Directed by Gaspar González. Hammer and Nail Productions, 2018.Google Scholar

“Long-smoldering, Fed-up, Bob Clemente Erupts!” Pittsburgh Courier, July 15, 1961.Google Scholar

Lopez, Jason Kido. Redefining Sports Media. New York: Routledge, 2023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

“Loser Dempsey May Sue Computer Promoter.” Boston Globe, December 24, 1967.Google Scholar

Lott, Eric. Black Mirror: The Cultural Contradictions of American Racism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lowe, Lisa. The Intimacies of Four Continents. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015.Google Scholar

Lyons, Robert S. On Any Given Sunday: A Life of Bert Bell. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2010.Google Scholar

MacAloon, John J. This Great Symbol: Pierre de Coubertin and the Origins of the Modern Olympic Games. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.Google Scholar

MacCambridge, Michael. The Franchise: A History of “Sports Illustrated” Magazine. New York: Hyperion, 1997.Google Scholar

Magubane, Zine. “Spectacles and Scholarship: Caster Semenya, Intersex Studies, and the Problem of Race in Feminist Theory.” Signs 39, no. 3 (2014): 761–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maher, Charles. “Blacks’ Arms OK – but They Run Better.” Los Angeles Times, March 28, 1968.Google Scholar

Maher, Charles. “Blacks Physically Superior? Some Say They’re ‘Hungrier.’” Los Angeles Times, March 26, 1968.Google Scholar

Maher, Charles. “Why No Black Quarterbacks in Professional Football?” Los Angeles Times, March 27, 1968.Google Scholar

Mailer, Norman. “Ego.” Life, March 19, 1971, 18–36.Google Scholar

Mailer, Norman. “Evaluations: Quick and Expensive Comments on the Talent in the Room.” In Advertisements for Myself, 463–73. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1959.Google Scholar

Mailer, Norman. The Fight. New York: Little, Brown, 1975.Google Scholar

Mailer, Norman. “Ten Thousand Words a Minute.” Esquire, February 1963, 109–20.Google Scholar

Mailer, Norman. “The White Negro: Superficial Reflections on the Hipster.” Dissent, Summer 1957, 276–93.Google Scholar

Malamud, Bernard. The Natural. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1952.Google Scholar

Malina, R. M. “Racial/Ethnic Variation in the Motor Development and Performance of American Children.” Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences 13, no. 2 (1988): 136–43.Google ScholarPubMed

Malloy, Jerry. “Sol White and the Origins of African American Baseball.” Introduction to Sol White’s History of Colored Base Ball, with Other Documents on the Early Black Game, 1886–1936, edited by Malloy, Jerry, xiii–lxiv. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995.Google Scholar

Manners, John. “In Search of an Explanation.” In The African Running Revolution, edited by Prokop, Dave, 26–39. Mountain View, CA: World Publications, 1975.Google Scholar

Mansfield, Stephanie. “Revenge of the Words: The Yak Attacks of Tony Kornheiser and Michael Wilbon on ESPN’s Pardon the Interruption Prove That Friends Make the Best Arguments.” Sports Illustrated, August 5, 2002, 52–56.Google Scholar

Maraniss, David. Clemente: The Passion and Grace of Baseball’s Last Hero. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006.Google Scholar

“Marciano Training for Ali?” Boston Globe, September 5, 1966.Google Scholar

Marks, Jonathan. “The Growth of Scientific Standards from Anthropology Days to Present Days.” In The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games, edited by Brownell, Susan, 383–96. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.Google Scholar

Marks, Jonathan. Why I Am Not a Scientist: Anthropology and Modern Knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Markusen, Bruce. Roberto Clemente: The Great One. Champaign, IL: Sports Publishing, 1998.Google Scholar

Markusen, Bruce. The Team That Changed Baseball: Roberto Clemente and the 1971 Pittsburgh Pirates. Yardley, PA: Westholme, 2006.Google Scholar

Mauboussin, Michael J., and Callahan, Dan. “Turn and Face the Strange: Overcoming Barriers to Change in Sports and Investing.” Consilient Observer, September 8, 2021. www.morganstanley.com/im/en-us/individual-investor/insights/articles/turn-and-face-the-strange.html.Google Scholar

Maughan, Karyn, Gill Gifford, and Reuters. “Caster’s Ultimate Humiliation.” Star (South Africa), September 16, 2009.Google Scholar

Maule, Tex. “The Baddest of All Looks over the Universe.” Sports Illustrated, February 15, 1965, 20.Google Scholar

Mauss, Marcel. The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies. Translated by Ian Cunnison. Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1954.Google Scholar

McCabe, David. “How the Daily Fantasy Sports Industry Was Born.” The Hill, September 24, 2015. https://thehill.com/policy/technology/254744-how-the-daily-fantasy-sports-industry-was-born/.Google Scholar

McCallum, Jack. “ET2, ESPN?” Sports Illustrated, October 11, 1993, 11.Google Scholar

McCallum, Jack, and Kennedy, Kostya. “A Different Race for Sir Roger.” Sports Illustrated, September 25, 1995, 15.Google Scholar

McClanahan, Annie. Dead Pledges: Debt, Crisis, and Twenty-First-Century Culture. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2017.Google Scholar

McClanahan, Annie. “Serious Crises: Rethinking the Neoliberal Subject.” boundary 2 46, no. 1 (2019): 103–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McClearen, Jennifer. Fighting Visibility: Sports Media and Female Athletes in UFC. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2021.Google Scholar

McCormack, Mark H. To Olle Nyman, June 11, 1973. Mark H. McCormack Papers, mums700-b0003-f010-i052. Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Library.Google Scholar

McCormack, Mark H. To Robert D. Kain, July 5, 1990. Mark H. McCormack Papers, mums700-b0015-f028-i012. Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Library.Google Scholar

McCormack, Mark H. To Robert D. Kain, Peter Johnson, and Barry Frank, August 9, 1991. Mark H. McCormack Papers, mums700-b0017-f045-i016, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Library.Google Scholar

McCormack, Mark H. What They Don’t Teach You at Harvard Business School: Notes from a Street-Smart Executive. New York: Bantam, 1984.Google Scholar

McDonald, Soraya Nadia. “What Prince Fielder and ESPN The Magazine’s ‘Body Issue’ Say about Us.” Washington Post, July 9, 2014.Google Scholar

McDougall, Christopher. Born to Run: A Hidden Tribe, Superathletes, and the Greatest Race the World Has Never Seen. New York: Knopf, 2009.Google Scholar

McDougall, Christopher. “Built for the Long Run.” Men’s Health, June 2009, 102–6.Google Scholar

McDougall, Christopher. “The Men Who Live Forever.” Men’s Health, July–August 2006, 180–91.Google Scholar

McGrath, Ben. “Dream Teams.” New Yorker, April 13, 2015, 26–32.Google Scholar

McKenzie, R. Tait. “The Chronicle of the Amateur Spirit.” In Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Convention of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, 40–55. New York: National Collegiate Athletic Association, 1910.Google Scholar

McMillen, Tom. Out of Bounds: How the American Sports Establishment Is Being Driven by Greed and Hypocrisy – and What Needs to Be Done about It. With Paul Coggins. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992.Google Scholar

“McNabb Says Owens’s Criticism Amounts to ‘Black-on-Black Crime.’” ESPN.com, February 1, 2006. www.espn.com/nfl/story?id=2315675.Google Scholar

Melamed, Jodi. “Racial Capitalism.” Critical Ethnic Studies 1, no. 1 (2015): 76–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Melamed, Jodi. Represent and Destroy: Rationalizing Violence in the New Racial Capitalism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Michener, James A. Sports in America. New York: Random House, 1976.Google Scholar

Miller, James Andrew. “Pardon the Interruption: Flaunt All Rules.” In Origins with James Andrew Miller, January 3, 2018. Podcast, 1:40:46. www.originsthepodcast.com/chapter2.Google Scholar

Miller, James Andrew, and Shales, Tom. Those Guys Have All the Fun: Inside the World of ESPN. New York: Little, Brown, 2011.Google Scholar

Mills, Roger. “Bannister’s ‘Theory’ an Unacceptable One.” Tampa Bay Times, September 17, 1995.Google Scholar

Mirpuri, Anoop. “Why Can’t Kobe Pass (the Ball)? Race and the NBA in the Age of Neoliberalism.” In Commodified and Criminalized: New Racism and African Americans in Contemporary Sports, edited by Leonard, David J. and King, C. Richard, 95–120. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2011.Google Scholar

Mokoena, Tshepo. “Caster Semenya: ‘How Would I Label Myself? I’m an African. I’m a Different Woman.’” Guardian, October 28, 2023. www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/oct/28/athlete-caster-semenya-interview-im-a-woman-im-a-different-woman.Google Scholar

Molina, Natalia. How Race Is Made in America: Immigration, Citizenship, and the Historical Power of Racial Scripts. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014.Google Scholar

“‘Moneyball’ Comes to Medicine.” Scripps Health, December 20, 2015. www.scripps.org/news_items/5588-moneyball-comes-to-medicine.Google Scholar

“Monte Irvin Delivers Hall of Fame Induction Speech.” August 6, 1973. MLB video, 3:48, November 10, 2015. www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKIBPetDKVk.Google Scholar

Moore, Kenny. “Sons of the Wind.” Sports Illustrated, February 26, 1990, 72–84.Google Scholar

Moore, Kenny. “The Spoils of Victory.” Sports Illustrated, April 10, 1989, 50–55.Google Scholar

Moore, Louis. “Jimmy Bivins and the Duration Championship.” In The Bittersweet Science: Fifteen Writers in the Gym, in the Corner, and at Ringside, edited by Rotella, Carlo and Ezra, Michael, 211–24. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017.Google Scholar

Moore, Thomas. “The Black-on-Black Crime Plague.” U.S. News and World Report, August 22, 1988, 48–53.Google Scholar

Mora, G. Cristina. Making Hispanics: How Activists, Bureaucrats, and Media Constructed a New American. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moran, Malcolm. “At USC, Issue Is Responsibility.” New York Times, October 26, 1980.Google Scholar

Moran, Malcolm. “Former USC President Defends Policies.” New York Times, October 17, 1980.Google Scholar

Moreton-Robinson, Aileen. The White Possessive: Property, Power, and Indigenous Sovereignty. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moyer, Valerie. “The Seeping Surveillance of Sex in Sports.” In “The Body Issue: Sports and the Politics of Embodiment,” edited by Darda, Joseph and Davis, Amira Rose, 501–18. Special issue, American Quarterly 75, no. 3 (2023).Google Scholar

“Muhammad Ali vs. Jim Jeffries.” The Best of the All-Time Heavyweight Tournament. Ben Scott Recording, 1967.Google Scholar

Muhammad, Khalil Gibran. The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Murakawa, Naomi. The First Civil Right: How Liberals Built Prison America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar

Murray, Jim. “Come Out Talking!” Los Angeles Times, November 7, 1963.Google Scholar

Murray, Jim. “Ee-yi, Ee-yi, Yo.” Los Angeles Times, February 21, 1964.Google Scholar

MV (@mike_v773). “This man is dead to me.” July 29, 2019, comment on Bell, “This is loooong overdue!!” https://twitter.com/mike_v733/status/1155944644187840512?s=20&t=BBqQwu_fyunSwxVAFfU5eQ.Google Scholar

Myers, Jim. “Examining the Races: Experts Scoff at Myths.” USA Today, December 16, 1991.Google Scholar

Myrdal, Gunnar. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1944.Google Scholar

Nagle, Dave. “ESPN, Inc.: 2001 in Review.” ESPN Press Room, January 2, 2002. https://espnpressroom.com/us/press-releases/2002/01/espn-inc-2001-in-review/.Google Scholar

National Collegiate Athletic Association. Proceedings of the 61st Annual Convention. Kansas City, MO: National Collegiate Athletic Association, 1967.Google Scholar

National Collegiate Athletic Association. Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Convention. Kansas City, MO: National Collegiate Athletic Association, 1969.Google Scholar

National Collegiate Athletic Association. Proceedings of the 67th Annual Convention. Shawnee Mission, KS: National Collegiate Athletic Association, 1973.Google Scholar

National Collegiate Athletic Association. Proceedings of the 77th Annual Convention. Shawnee Mission, KS: National Collegiate Athletic Association, 1983.Google Scholar

NCAA Gender-Equity Task Force. Final Report of the NCAA Gender-Equity Task Force. Kansas City, MO: National Collegiate Athletic Association, 1993.Google Scholar

“The New York Meeting of the American Anthropological Association.” Science 89, no. 2298 (1939): 29–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Newfield, Christopher. The Great Mistake: How We Wrecked Public Universities and How We Can Fix Them. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Newfield, Christopher. Unmaking the Public University: The Forty-Year Assault on the Middle Class. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.Google Scholar

Newfield, Jack. Only in America: The Life and Times of Don King. New York: William Morrow, 1995.Google Scholar

NFL Draft 1980. Aired April 29, 1980, on ESPN.Google Scholar

NFL Draft 2001. Aired April 21–22, 2001, on ESPN.Google Scholar

Nguyen, Mimi Thi. The Gift of Freedom: War, Debt, and Other Refugee Passages. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012.Google Scholar

Nightengale, Bob. “‘It’s Just Getting Worse’: MLB’s ‘Disgusting’ Minority Hiring Woes Continue as Job Candidates Shut Out Again.” USA Today, December 4, 2019. www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/columnist/bob-nightengale/2019/12/04/mlb-general-managers-executives-winter-meetings/2604488001/.Google Scholar

Nightline. “A Tribute to Jackie Robinson.” Hosted by Ted Koppel. Aired April 6, 1987, on ABC.Google Scholar

Nugent, Conn. “How to Own a Baseball Team.” Harvard Magazine, April 1981, 54–56, 70.Google Scholar

Nuun, Bill, Jr. “Baker, Clemente Deny Liking Fort Myers’s Bias in Housing.” Pittsburgh Courier, February 25, 1961.Google Scholar

Nuun, Bill, Jr. “Clemente May Bring ‘Rookie of the Year’ Laurels to Pirates.” Pittsburgh Courier, June 18, 1955.Google Scholar

Nuun, Bill, Jr. “Record Crop of 41 Negro Stars on Rosters of Teams in National League.” Pittsburgh Courier, April 18, 1959.Google Scholar

O’Neil, Cathy. Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. New York: Crown, 2016.Google Scholar

Oates, Thomas P. “Antagonistic Sports Fandom.” In “The Body Issue: Sports and the Politics of Embodiment,” edited by Darda, Joseph and Davis, Amira Rose. Special issue, American Quarterly 75, no. 3 (2023): 519–41.Google Scholar

Oates, Thomas P. Football and Manliness: An Unauthorized Feminist Account of the NFL. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oates, Thomas P. “New Media and the Repackaging of NFL Fandom.” Sociology of Sport Journal 26, no. 1 (2009): 31–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Okrent, Daniel. “He Does It by the Numbers.” Sports Illustrated, May 25, 1981, 40–51.Google Scholar

Okrent, Daniel. “The Year George Foster Wasn’t Worth $36.” Inside Sports, March 31, 1981, 88–90.Google Scholar

Okrent, Daniel. “The Year George Foster Wasn’t Worth $36.” Introduction to Rotisserie League Baseball, edited by Waggoner, Glen, 3–7. New York: Bantam, 1984.Google Scholar

Olsen, Jack. “The Cruel Deception.” Sports Illustrated, July 1, 1968, 12–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Olsen, Jack. “Pride and Prejudice.” Sports Illustrated, July 8, 1968, 18–31.Google Scholar

Omi, Michael, and Winant, Howard. Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1980s. New York: Routledge, 1986.Google Scholar

Oriard, Michael. Bowled Over: Big-Time College Football from the Sixties to the BCS Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Ostler, Scott. “White Athletes – Fact and Fiction: Destroying Myths.” Los Angeles Times, April 27, 1989.Google Scholar

“Our Crystal Baseball.” Esquire, April 24, 1979, 6.Google Scholar

Page, Don. “Computer Punchy from Fight Tapes.” Los Angeles Times, December 2, 1967.Google Scholar

“Pardon the Interruption … but Did Sports Debate Shows Change the World?” In Good Sport with Jody Avirgan, February 15, 2023. Podcast, 39:13. www.ted.com/podcasts/good-sport/pardon-the-interruption-transcript.Google Scholar

Park, Robert E., and Burgess, Ernest W.. Introduction to the Science of Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1921.Google Scholar

“The Parlor Game of Base-Ball.” Advertisement. Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, December 8, 1866, 180.Google Scholar

Patterson, Floyd. “Cassius Clay Must Be Beaten.” Sports Illustrated, October 11, 1965, 78–98.Google Scholar

Patterson, Floyd. “I Want to Destroy Clay.” With Milton Gross. Sports Illustrated, October 19, 1964, 42–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

“Payne: Tiger to Be Judged on Sincerity.” ESPN.com, April 7, 2010. www.espn.com/golf/masters10/news/story?id=5063768.Google Scholar

Penn, Nate. “Whack!-ipedia.” GQ, June 2007, 224–27, 244–45.Google Scholar

Pérez, Louis A., Jr. On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Peterson, Robert. Only the Ball Was White. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1970.Google Scholar

“Pitch the Rich.” Advertisement. Broadcasting, December 10, 1979, 81.Google Scholar

Plimpton, George. Introduction to the 1993 edition. In Shadow Box: An Amateur in the Ring, 9–10. New York: Lyons and Buford, 1993.Google Scholar

Plimpton, George. Paper Tiger. New York: Harper and Row, 1966.Google Scholar

Plimpton, George. Shadow Box. New York: Putnam, 1977.Google Scholar

Ploeg, Andrew J. “A New Form of Fandom: How Free Agency Brought about Rotisserie League Baseball.” International Journal of the History of Sport 38, no. 1 (2021): 7–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pony Excess. Directed by Thaddeus Matula. ESPN, 2010.Google Scholar

Poussaint, Alvin F. “Why Blacks Kill Blacks.” Ebony, October 1970, 143–50.Google Scholar

Poussaint, Alvin F. Why Blacks Kill Blacks. New York: Emerson Hall, 1972.Google Scholar

Povich, Shirley. This Morning. Washington Post, May 21, 1965.Google Scholar

“President Clinton Participates in ESPN Race Town Hall.” Office of the Press Secretary, White House, April 14, 1998. https://clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov/WH/New/html/19980415-8261.html.Google Scholar

Price, S. L. “Whatever Happened to the White Athlete?” Sports Illustrated, December 8, 1997, 30–42.Google Scholar

Prokop, Dave. Foreword to The African Running Revolution. Edited by Prokop, Dave, 4. Mountain View, CA: World Publications, 1975.Google Scholar

Radford, Tim. “Black Runners ‘at an Advantage.’” Guardian, September 14, 1995.Google Scholar

Rankine, Claudia. Citizen: An American Lyric. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2014.Google Scholar

Rashad, Ahmad. Ahmad: Vikes, Mikes, and Something on the Backside. With Peter Bodo. New York: Viking, 1988.Google Scholar

Rasmussen, Bill. Sports Junkies Rejoice! The Birth of ESPN. Hartsdale, NY: QV Publishing, 1983.Google Scholar

Ray, Victor. “A Theory of Racialized Organizations.” American Sociological Review 84, no. 1 (2019): 26–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reagan, Nancy. “The Need for Intolerance.” Washington Post, July 7, 1986.Google Scholar

Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel. Season 20, episode 9, “Risky Business.” Aired September 23, 2014, on HBO.Google Scholar

Reed, Ishmael. “Ishmael Reed on Ali.” Village Voice, October 16, 1978, 1, 23–30.Google Scholar

Reed, Ishmael. “A Palooka He Ain’t.” Review of The Greatest: My Own Story, by Muhammad Ali. New York Times Book Review, November 30, 1975.Google Scholar

Regalado, Samuel O. Viva Baseball! Latin Major Leaguers and Their Special Hunger. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998.Google Scholar

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. 438 US 265 (1978).Google Scholar

Reid, Jason. The Rise of the Black Quarterback: What It Means for America. New York: Andscape, 2022.Google Scholar

Remnick, David. The King of the World: Muhammad Ali and the Rise of an American Hero. New York: Random House, 1998.Google Scholar

Rhoden, William C. “Fantasy Sports’ Real Crime: Dehumanizing the Athletes.” New York Times, November 25, 2015.Google Scholar

Richman, Milton. Sports Parade. Times-News (Hendersonville, NC), April 21, 1971.Google Scholar

Rielly, Edward J. Baseball: An Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Riger, Roger. “The Greatest Fights of the Century.” Esquire, December 1963, 188–91.Google Scholar

“The Rising Price of Has-Beens.” Economist, September 8, 1990, 72.Google Scholar

Roberts, Daniel. “Robert Coover’s Dark Fantasy-Baseball Novel.” Paris Review, September 18, 2017. www.theparisreview.org/blog/2017/09/18/robert-coovers-dark-fantasy-baseball-novel/.Google Scholar

Roberts, Randy. Joe Louis: Hard Times Man. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010.Google Scholar

“Robinhood.” Robinhood video, February 20, 2014, 1:51. https://vimeo.com/87163777.Google Scholar

Robinson, Jackie. “Cobwebs in Dark’s Mind.” New York Amsterdam News, August 15, 1964.Google Scholar

Rock, Chris, guest. Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel. Season 21, episode 4. Aired April 21, 2015, on HBO.Google Scholar

Rocky. Directed by John G. Avildsen. United Artists, 1976.Google Scholar

Rocky III. Directed by Sylvester Stallone. MGM/United Artists, 1982.Google Scholar

Roediger, David R. Working toward Whiteness: How America’s Immigrants Became White; The Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the Suburbs. New York: Basic Books, 2005.Google Scholar

Roediger, David R., and Esch, Elizabeth D.. The Production of Difference: Race and the Management of Labor in U.S. History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.Google Scholar

Roenigk, Alyssa. “For Sale by Owner.” ESPN The Magazine, October 19, 2009, 108–13.Google Scholar

Rogin, Gilbert. “Champion as Long as He Wants.” Sports Illustrated, November 29, 1965, 20–24.Google Scholar

Rogosin, Donn. Invisible Men: Life in Baseball’s Negro Leagues. New York: Atheneum, 1983.Google Scholar

Rohrbaugh, Joanna Bunker. “Femininity on the Line.” Psychology Today, August 1979, 30–42.Google Scholar

Rotella, Carlo. Good with Their Hands: Boxers, Bluesmen, and Other Characters from the Rust Belt. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rotella, Carlo. “Introduction: At Ringside.” In Cut Time: An Education at the Fights. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Rotella, Carlo. “The Stepping Stone: Larry Holmes, Gerry Cooney, and Rocky.” In In the Game: Race, Identity, and Sports in the Twentieth Century, edited by Bass, Amy, 237–63. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.Google Scholar

Rotella, Carlo, and Ezra, Michael. “Introduction: Bittersweetness.” In The Bittersweet Science: Fifteen Writers in the Gym, in the Corner, and at Ringside, edited by Rotella, Carlo and Ezra, Michael, 1–7. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ruck, Rob. Raceball: How the Major Leagues Colonized the Black and Latin Games. Boston: Beacon Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Runstedtler, Theresa. Jack Johnson, Rebel Sojourner: Boxing in the Shadow of the Global Color Line. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012.Google Scholar

Runstedtler, Theresa. “Racial Bias: The Black Athlete, Reagan’s War on Drugs, and Big-Time Sports Reform.” In “Sport in the University,” edited by Cohan, Noah, Gilbert, Daniel A., Runstedtler, Theresa, Steward, Tyran Kai, and Trimbur, Lucia, 85–116. Special issue, American Studies 55, no. 3 (2016).Google Scholar

Rutter, Emily Ruth. Invisible Ball of Dreams: Literary Representations of Baseball behind the Color Line. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2018.Google Scholar

Sack, Allen L., and Staurowsky, Ellen J.. College Athletes for Hire: The Evolution and Legacy of the NCAA’s Amateur Myth. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sackler, Howard. The Great White Hope. New York: Dial, 1968.Google Scholar

Sammons, Jeffrey T. Beyond the Ring: The Role of Boxing in American Society. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988.Google Scholar

Sandomir, Richard. “Dream Job, the Nightmare, Showing Now on ESPN.” New York Times, March 6, 2004.Google Scholar

Sarris, Andrew. “Takes.” Village Voice, November 22, 1976, 61.Google Scholar

“The Scandal behind the Tragedy.” New York Times, June 28, 1986.Google Scholar

Schiller, Zachary. “Advantage, Mark McCormack?” Business Week, September 27, 1993, 64–73.Google Scholar

Schlosser, Joe. “NAACP Sees Boycott Ahead.” Broadcasting and Cable, August 23, 1999, 4.Google Scholar

Schneiderman, Eric T. Memorandum of law in support of motion for a preliminary injunction against DraftKings, Inc. New York State Office of the Attorney General, November 17, 2015.Google Scholar

Schwarz, Alan. The Numbers Game: Baseball’s Lifelong Fascination with Statistics. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2004.Google Scholar

Scott, Daryl Michael. Contempt and Pity: Social Policy and the Image of the Damaged Black Psyche, 1880–1996. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scott, Jack. The Athletic Revolution. New York: Free Press, 1971.Google Scholar

Searcy, Jay. “Big Money Is Pointing More Women toward Pro Sports.” New York Times, April 14, 1974.Google Scholar

Sexton, Jared. “People-of-Color Blindness: Notes on the Afterlife of Slavery.” Social Text 28, no. 2 (2010): 31–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sexton, John. Baseball as a Road to God: Seeing beyond the Game. With Thomas Oliphant and Peter J. Schwartz. New York: Gotham, 2013.Google Scholar

Seymour, Gene. “Fade to White.” Nation, November 2–9, 2020, 18–21, 25.Google Scholar

Shafer, Jack. “SportsCenter for Political Junkies.” Slate, April 29, 2003. https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2003/04/sportscenter-for-news-junkies.html.Google Scholar

Shane, Scott. “Genetics Research Increasingly Finds ‘Race’ a Null Concept.” Baltimore Sun, April 4, 1999.Google Scholar

Shaughnessy, Dan. “The Accidental Godfather of Fantasy Sports.” Boston Globe, October 13, 2015.Google Scholar

Sheinin, Dan. “Mariners Trade Griffey to Reds.” Washington Post, February 11, 2000.Google Scholar

Sheppard, Samantha N. Sporting Blackness: Race, Embodiment, and Critical Muscle Memory on Screen. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2020.Google Scholar

Shoals, Bethlehem [Nathanial Friedman]. “Save Your Claws, Chew Angles.” FreeDarko, November 7, 2006. https://freedarko.blogspot.com/2006/11/save-your-claws-chew-angles.html.Google Scholar

Sides, John. “The Moneyball of Campaign Advertising.” FiveThirtyEight (blog). New York Times, October 5, 2011. https://archive.nytimes.com/fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/05/the-moneyball-of-campaign-advertising-part-1/.Google Scholar

Silly Little Game. Directed by Adam Kurland and Lucas Jansen. ESPN Films, 2010.Google Scholar

Silver, Nate. The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail – but Some Don’t. New York: Penguin Press, 2012.Google Scholar

The Simpsons. Season 22, episode 3, “MoneyBart.” Aired October 10, 2010, on Fox.Google Scholar

Singh, Nikhil Pal. Race and America’s Long War. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Skretney, John David. The Ironies of Affirmative Action: Politics, Culture, and Justice in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, Anthony F. ESPN The Company: The Story and Lessons behind the Most Fanatical Brand in Sports. With Keith Hollihan. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2009.Google Scholar

Smith, Red. “Without Salt.” New York Herald Tribune, February 26, 1964.Google Scholar

Smith, Ronald A. The Myth of the Amateur: A History of College Athletic Scholarships. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2021.Google Scholar

Smith, Stephen A. “Why Don’t Black People Play Fantasy? Allow Me to Explain.” ESPN The Magazine, September 8, 2008, 18.Google Scholar

Soule, Selina. “Testimony before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary in Opposition to the Equality Act.” Alliance Defending Freedom, March 17, 2021. https://adfmedialegalfiles.blob.core.windows.net/files/EqualityActTestimonySJC.pdf.Google Scholar

Sperber, Murray. College Sports Inc.: The Athletic Department vs. the University. New York: Henry Holt, 1990.Google Scholar

SportsCenter. Aired September 7, 1979, on ESPN.Google Scholar

SportsNight. Aired October 1, 1993, on ESPN2.Google Scholar

St. Clair, Drake, and Cayton, Horace R.. Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1945.Google Scholar

St. Louis, Brett. “Sport and Common-Sense Racial Science.” Leisure Studies 23, no. 1 (2004): 31–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stack, Liam. “Chris Mosier Is First Transgender Athlete in ESPN’s ‘Body Issue.’” New York Times, June 23, 2016.Google Scholar

Staub, Michael E. The Mismeasure of Minds: Debating Race and Intelligence between “Brown” and “The Bell Curve.” Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Streible, Dan. Fighting Pictures: A History of Boxing and Early Cinema. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.Google Scholar

Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard. 600 US 181 (2023).Google Scholar

Suggs, Welch. A Place on the Team: The Triumph and Tragedy of Title IX. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

The Super Fight. Directed by Murry Woroner. Woroner Productions, 1970.Google Scholar

Swift, E. M. “The Most Powerful Man in Sports.” Sports Illustrated, May 21, 1990, 98–120.Google Scholar

Sylvester, Harry. “With Greatest of Ease.” New York Times, August 24, 1952.Google Scholar

Tanner, J. M. The Physique of the Olympic Athlete. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1964.Google Scholar

Telander, Rick. Like a Rose: A Celebration of Football. Champaign, IL: Sports Publishing, 2004.Google Scholar

Telander, Rick. The Hundred Yard Lie: The Corruption of College Football and What We Can Do to Stop It. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989.Google Scholar

Tempels, Placide. Bantu Philosophy. Translated by Colin King. Paris: Présence Africaine, 1959.Google Scholar

Terrell, Roy. “The Biggest Golf Hustler of Them All.” Sports Illustrated, November 12, 1962, 28–34.Google Scholar

Teslow, Tracy. Constructing Race: The Science of Bodies and Cultures in American Anthropology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thelin, John R. Going to College in the Sixties. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.Google Scholar

Thelin, John R. A History of American Higher Education. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thelin, John R., and Wiseman, Lawrence L.. The Old College Try: Balancing Academics and Athletics in Higher Education. Washington, DC: School of Education and Human Development, George Washington University, 1989.Google Scholar

Thomas, Patrick. “Chicken Producers Have Own ‘Moneyball.’” Wall Street Journal, December 14, 2023.Google Scholar

Thompson, Derek. “The Cult of Rich-Kid Sports.” Atlantic, October 2, 2019. www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/10/harvard-university-and-scandal-sports-recruitment/599248/.Google Scholar

Thompson, John. I Came as a Shadow: An Autobiography. With Jesse Washington. New York: Henry Holt, 2020.Google Scholar

Thomsen, Ian. “Flo-Jo Leaves Risk of Drugs Still in Question.” New York Times, September 26, 1998.Google Scholar

“Three Basketball Aces on Kentucky Team Admit ’49 Fix Here.” New York Times, October 21, 1951.Google Scholar

Torre, Pablo. “The Legacy of PTI.” In ESPN Daily, October 22, 2021. Podcast, 45:22. www.espn.com/radio/play/_/id/32450255.Google Scholar

“Tracking the (Money) Balls: How Data Science Is Becoming a Game Changer.” In Harvard Data Science Review Podcast, March 19, 2021. Podcast, 28:27. https://hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu/podcast.Google Scholar

Travers, . The Trans Generation: How Trans Kids (and Their Parents) Are Creating a Gender Revolution. New York: New York University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Trimbur, Lucia. Come Out Swinging: The Changing World of Boxing in Gleason’s Gym. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar