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Chapter 15 - Virtual Systems: Simulation and Rehearsal of Clinical Skills and Events

from Section IV - The Surgeon’s Armamentarium

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 November 2025

Benjamin Hartley
Affiliation:
Weill Cornell Medical Center
Philip E. Stieg
Affiliation:
Weill Cornell Medical College
Rohan Ramakrishna
Affiliation:
Weill Cornell Medical College
Michael L. J. Apuzzo
Affiliation:
Adjunct of Yale Medical School and Weill Cornell Medical College
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Summary

The chapter highlights the importance of precision, planning, and rehearsal in neurosurgery due to the brain’s intricate structure. Advances in technology, such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), have revolutionized surgical planning, training, and execution. These technologies offer detailed 3D visualizations and interactive simulations, allowing surgeons to practice and refine their skills in a controlled environment. VR systems enable customized patient-specific models, enhancing pre-operative planning and interdisciplinary collaboration. AR overlays digital information onto the real world, providing real-time guidance during surgeries. The integration of AI, haptic feedback, and robotics further improves precision and outcomes, potentially transforming neurosurgical procedures and training.

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