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8 - A Uniformitarian Lens on Creole Languages

On Universal Creolization

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 December 2025

By
Marlyse Baptista
Edited by
Salikoko S. Mufwene  and
Enoch O. Aboh
Salikoko S. Mufwene
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Enoch O. Aboh
Affiliation:
University of Amsterdam
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Summary

In this chapter, the author puts forth the notion of “universal creolization” to undermine the false dichotomy between mixed and non-mixed languages. The premise of this position is that as no language evolves in a vacuum, but instead unavoidably comes into contact with other languages, all languages undergo varying degrees of language mixing. Reclaiming the word creolization to refer to language mixing (be it at the lexical, morphophonological, semantic, and syntactic levels) is a first step towards blurring up the false dichotomy between Creoles and non-Creoles or between mixed and non-mixed languages, effectively undercutting Creole Exceptionalism. This chapter promotes instead a uniformitarian approach to the study of Creoles and uses as evidence the diversity and variation within and across Creoles, as well as the processes they undergo in their development, similarly to all other languages. To illustrate universal creolization, we take as evidence the mixed nature of English, starting with Old English and finishing with Modern English. We unpack the Language Subordination framework to show how the false dichotomy between Creoles and non-Creoles may have first emerged.

Keywords

Universal creolizationmixed and non-mixed languagescongruenceconvergencelanguage subordination ideology

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Uniformitarianism in Language Speciation
From Creolistics to Genetic Linguistics
 , pp. 310 - 336
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

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