This chapter focuses on how Native Americans have understood and purposed the Declaration. By asserting tribal sovereignty, Native American nations have been declaring independence since 1776. Cast as “merciless Indian savages” in the Declaration of Independence, Native Americans have cited the document in speeches, published writings, and legal briefs since the founding of the United States. They did so not to claim national belonging, but to argue that in its dealings with Native Nations, the United States should honor its founding document’s principles of self-determination and natural rights. Divided paths through the American Revolution, nineteenth-century disputes about responding to US territorial and cultural pressure, and twentieth-century efforts to balance tribal citizenship, US citizenship, and intertribal advocacy show how the citizens of tribal nations have consistently debated and adapted strategies for maintaining tribal sovereignty. Especially among Native American leaders subjected to assimilative schooling, the Declaration of Independence was a consistent feature of Indigenous arguments for independence from the United States.