Figures
2.1Direct government funding of business R&D and tax incentives for R&D as a percentage of GDP in 2012 and 2006
2.2Higher education R&D and government intramural R&D as a percentage of GDP in 2012 and 2007
6.5Scatter plot for % establishments credit constrained and GNI per capita
7.1Evolution of GDP and PESTI, 2007–2014 (standardised values)
8.1aCreation relative efficiency index by OECD and BRICS countries, 2007
8.1bCreation relative efficiency index by OECD and BRICS countries, 2014
8.2aNIS diffusion relative efficiency index by OECD and BRICS countries, 2007
8.2bNIS diffusion relative efficiency index by OECD and BRICS countries, 2014
8.3aNIS utilization relative efficiency index by OECD and BRICS countries, 2007
8.3bNIS utilization relative efficiency index by OECD and BRICS countries, 2014
8.4aNIS general relative efficiency index by OECD and BRICS countries, 2007
8.4bNIS general relative efficiency index by OECD and BRICS countries, 2014
9.1Economic performance of Latin American and Caribbean countries
9.2Trend of undervaluation in selected mineral-exporting countries
9.3Increasing the level of undervaluation and growth decline in the long term
11.1The Ellison-Glaeser index of geographic concentration over time
11.2The Ellison-Glaeser index of geographic concentration and the percentage of firms that are spinoffs
12.1Knowledge and technological domains in the innovation systems of smart cities in Japan
12.2Actor network of the innovation systems of smart cities in Japan
12.3Central area of the actor network of the innovation systems of smart cities in Japan
14.1Distribution in terms of high-tech manufacturing, low-tech manufacturing, and services
14.5Visualization of how the research design includes definitions, operationalization, variables, and data
15.1Europe: GDP per capita relative to the US, constant US$ (PPP), 1995–2015
15.2Europe: Change in rates of youth unemployment (20–24 years), per cent, 2007–2015
15.6Europe: Fertility rates (live births per woman), 1970–2014
15.8Renewables as a share of total German electricity consumption, 1990–2015
