Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-8wtlm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-04-16T01:18:50.635Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 10 - Management of Adnexal Masses

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 November 2025

Edited by
Camran R. Nezhat ,
Farr R. Nezhat ,
Ceana Nezhat ,
Nisha Lakhi  and
Azadeh Nezhat
Camran R. Nezhat
Affiliation:
Stanford University School of Medicine, California
Farr R. Nezhat
Affiliation:
Nezhat Surgery for Gynecology/Oncology, New York
Ceana Nezhat
Affiliation:
Nezhat Medical Center, Atlanta
Nisha Lakhi
Affiliation:
Richmond University Medical Center, New York
Azadeh Nezhat
Affiliation:
Nezhat Institute and Center for Special Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery, California
Get access

Summary

The adnexa are in an anatomic region in the pelvis that includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, and the structures within the broad ligament. The differential diagnosis of an adnexal mass is complex because of the wide spectrum of disorders that involve the adnexa. Most frequently, adnexal masses involve the ovary itself because of its inherent growth properties through ovulation.[1] The evaluation of an adnexal mass may be complicated, as imaging does not always clearly delineate the adnexa from other nearby organs. Between 5% and 10% of US women will undergo a surgical procedure in their lifetime because of a suspected ovarian neoplasm and between 13% and 21% of these women will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer.

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Nezhat's Textbook of Minimally Invasive Surgery
Including Hysteroscopy, Vaginoscopy and Robotic-Assisted Procedures
 , pp. 224 - 283
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

References

Disaia, PJ Creasman, WT. The adnexal mass and early ovarian cancer. In Clinical Gynecologic Oncology, 7th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2008: 283–312.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin. Management of adnexal masses. Obstet Gynecol 2007;110(1):201–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curtin, JP. Management of the adnexal mass. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55(3 Pt 2):S42–S46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegel, RL, Miller, KD, Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2018. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68(1):7–30.Google ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, I, Menon, U. Can ovarian cancer screening save lives? The question remains unanswered. Obstet Gynecol 2011;118(6):1209–1211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Givens, V, Mitchell, GE, Harraway-Smith, C, Reddy, A, Maness, DL. Diagnosis and management of adnexal masses. Am Fam Physician 2009;80(8):815–820.Google ScholarPubMed
Liu, JH, Zanotti, KM. Management of the adnexal mass. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117(6):1413–1428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, CS, Nagarsheth, NP, Nezhat, FR. Laparoscopy and ovarian cancer: a paradigm change in the management of ovarian cancer? J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2009;16(3):250–262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koonings, PP, Campbell, K, Mishell, DR Jr, Grimes, DA. Relative frequency of primary ovarian neoplasms: a 10-year review. Obstet Gynecol 1989;74(6):921–926.Google ScholarPubMed
Pados, G, Tsolakidis, D, Bontis, J. Laparoscopic management of the adnexal mass. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006;1092:211–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, WH, Berek, JS. Laparoscopic management of the adnexal mass. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1994;21(1):79–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ehren, IM, Mahour, GH, Isaacs, H Jr. Benign and malignant ovarian tumors in children and adolescents. A review of 63 cases. Am J Surg 1984;147(3):339–344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brinton, LA, Gridley, G, Persson, I, Baron, J, Bergqvist, A. Cancer risk after a hospital discharge diagnosis of endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;176(3):572–579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gemmill, JA, Stratton, P, Cleary, SD, Ballweg, ML, Sinaii, N. Cancers, infections, and endocrine diseases in women with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2010;94(5):1627–1631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hakim-Elahi, E. Laparoscopic removal of dermoid cysts. Obstet Gynecol 1989;74(1):140.Google ScholarPubMed
Dorum, A, Blom, GP, Ekerhovd, E, Granberg, S. Prevalence and histologic diagnosis of adnexal cysts in postmenopausal women: an autopsy study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192(1):48–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oyelese, Y, Kueck, AS, Barter, JF, Zalud, I. Asymptomatic postmenopausal simple ovarian cyst. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2002;57(12):803–809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, MS. Overview of the evaluation and management of adnexal masses. UpToDate, September 29, 2010.Google Scholar
Lim, AW, Mesher, D, Gentry-Maharaj, A, et al. Predictive value of symptoms for ovarian cancer: comparison of symptoms reported by questionnaire, interview, and general practitioner notes. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012;104(2):114–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannistra, SA. Cancer of the ovary. N Engl J Med 2004;351(24):2519–2529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennessy, BT, Coleman, RL, Markman, M. Ovarian cancer. Lancet 2009;374(9698):1371–1382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nezhat, F, Datta, MS, Hanson, V, et al. The relationship of endometriosis and ovarian malignancy: a review. Fertil Steril 2008;90(5):1559–1570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nezhat, F, Nezhat, C, Welander, CE, Benigno, B. Four ovarian cancers diagnosed during laparoscopic management of 1011 women with adnexal masses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167(3):790–796.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyd, J, Sonoda, Y, Federici, MG, et al. Clinicopathologic features of BRCA-linked and sporadic ovarian cancer. JAMA 2000;283(17):2260–2265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goff, BA, Mandel, LS, Melancon, CH, Muntz, HG. Frequency of symptoms of ovarian cancer in women presenting to primary care clinics. JAMA 2004;291(22):2705–2712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodriguez, GC, Nagarsheth, NP, Lee, KL, et al. Progestin-induced apoptosis in the Macaque ovarian epithelium: differential regulation of transforming growth factor-beta. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94(1):50–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salehi, F, Dunfield, L, Phillips, KP, Krewski, D, Vanderhyden, BC. Risk factors for ovarian cancer: an overview with emphasis on hormonal factors. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2008;11(3–4):301–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morch, LS, Lokkegaard, E, Andreasen, AH, Kruger-Kjaer, S, Lidegaard, O. Hormone therapy and ovarian cancer. JAMA 2009;302(3):298–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beral, V, Million Women Study Collaborators, Bull, D, Green, J, Reeves, G. Ovarian cancer and hormone replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 2007;369(9574):1703–1710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, HS, Manson, JE. Update in hormone therapy use in menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96(2):255–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shalev, E, Eliyahu, S, Peleg, D, Tsabari, A. Laparoscopic management of adnexal cystic masses in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 1994;83(4):594–596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Management of adnexal mass. Evidence Based Report/Technology Assessment No. 130. Rockville, MD: AHRQ.Google Scholar
Padilla, LA, Radosevich, DM, Milad, MP. Limitations of the pelvic examination for evaluation of the female pelvic organs. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2005;88(1):84–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menon, U, Gentry-Maharaj, A, Jacobs, I. Ovarian cancer screening and mortality. JAMA 2011;306(14):1544; author reply 5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kurjak, A, Predanic, M, Kupesic-Urek, S, Jukic, S. Transvaginal color and pulsed Doppler assessment of adnexal tumor vascularity. Gynecol Oncol 1993;50(1):3–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDonald, JM, Doran, S, DeSimone, CP, et al. Predicting risk of malignancy in adnexal masses. Obstet Gynecol 2010;115(4):687–694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pavlik, EJ, Saunders, BA, Doran, S, et al. The search for meaning – symptoms and transvaginal sonography screening for ovarian cancer: predicting malignancy. Cancer 2009;115(16):3689–3698.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rossi, A, Braghin, C, Soldano, F, et al. A proposal for a new scoring system to evaluate pelvic masses: Pelvic Masses Score (PMS). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011;157(1):84–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van den Akker, PA, Aalders, AL, Snijders, MP, et al. Evaluation of the Risk of Malignancy Index in daily clinical management of adnexal masses. Gynecol Oncol 2010;116(3):384–388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sassone, AM, Timor-Tritsch, IE, Artner, A, Westhoff, C, Warren, WB. Transvaginal sonographic characterization of ovarian disease: evaluation of a new scoring system to predict ovarian malignancy. Obstet Gynecol 1991;78(1):70–76.Google ScholarPubMed
Alcazar, JL, Jurado, M. Prospective evaluation of a logistic model based on sonographic morphologic and color Doppler findings developed to predict adnexal malignancy. J Ultrasound Med 1999;18(12):837–842.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guerriero, S, Mais, V, Ajossa, S, et al. The role of endovaginal ultrasound in differentiating endometriomas from other ovarian cysts. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 1995;22(1):20–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Chamie, LP, Blasbalg, R, Pereira, RM, Warmbrand, G, Serafini, PC. Findings of pelvic endometriosis at transvaginal US, MR imaging, and laparoscopy. Radiographics 2011;31(4):E77–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nezhat, F, Nezhat, C, Allan, CJ, Metzger, DA, Sears, DL. Clinical and histologic classification of endometriomas. Implications for a mechanism of pathogenesis. J Reprod Med 1992;37(9):771–776.Google ScholarPubMed
Sokalska, A, Timmerman, D, Testa, AC, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound examination for assigning a specific diagnosis to adnexal masses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2009;34(4):462–470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, MD, Acord, DL, Young, SW. Likelihood ratio of sonographic findings in discriminating hydrosalpinx from other adnexal masses. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006;186(4):1033–1038.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bharwani, N, Reznek, RH, Rockall, AG. Ovarian cancer management: the role of imaging and diagnostic challenges. Eur J Radiol 2011;78(1):41–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grab, D, Flock, F, Stohr, I, et al. Classification of asymptomatic adnexal masses by ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography. Gynecol Oncol 2000;77(3):454–459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cragun, JM. Screening for ovarian cancer. Cancer Control 2011;18(1):16–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NIH Consensus Conference. Ovarian cancer. Screening, treatment, and follow-up. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Ovarian Cancer. JAMA 1995;273(6):491–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Nagell JR, Jr, DePriest, PD, Reedy, MB, et al. The efficacy of transvaginal sonographic screening in asymptomatic women at risk for ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2000;77(3):350–356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menon, U, Gentry-Maharaj, A, Hallett, R, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of multimodal and ultrasound screening for ovarian cancer, and stage distribution of detected cancers: results of the prevalence screen of the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS). Lancet Oncol 2009;10(4):327–340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buys, SS, Partridge, E, Greene, MH, et al. Ovarian cancer screening in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial: findings from the initial screen of a randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193(5):1630–1639.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Das, PM, Bast, RC Jr. Early detection of ovarian cancer. Biomark Med 2008;2(3):291–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helzlsouer, KJ, Bush, TL, Alberg, AJ, et al. Prospective study of serum CA-125 levels as markers of ovarian cancer. JAMA 1993;269(9):1123–1126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, I, Davies, AP, Bridges, J, et al. Prevalence screening for ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women by CA 125 measurement and ultrasonography. BMJ 1993;306(6884):1030–1034.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, F, Meier, M, Caduff, R, et al. No benefit from combining HE4 and CA125 as ovarian tumor markers in a clinical setting. Gynecol Oncol 2011;121(3):487–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malkasian, GD Jr, Knapp, RC, Lavin, PT, et al. Preoperative evaluation of serum CA 125 levels in premenopausal and postmenopausal patients with pelvic masses: discrimination of benign from malignant disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;159(2):341–346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, RG, Miller, MC, Disilvestro, P, et al. Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of the risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm in women with a pelvic mass. Obstet Gynecol 2011;118(2 Pt 1):280–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brooks, SE. Preoperative evaluation of patients with suspected ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55(3 Pt 2):S80-890.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolen, B, Velikokhatnaya, L, Marrangoni, A, et al. Serum biomarker panels for the discrimination of benign from malignant cases in patients with an adnexal mass. Gynecol Oncol 2010;117(3):440–445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adams Hillan, PJ. Benign diseases of the female reproductive tract. In Berek, JS, ed. Novak’s Gynecology, 13th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002: 396–399.Google Scholar
Clarke, SE, Grimshaw, R, Rittenberg, P, Kieser, K, Bentley, J. Risk of malignancy index in the evaluation of patients with adnexal masses. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2009;31(5):440–445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balthazar, U, Steiner, AZ, Boggess, JF, Gehrig, PA. Management of a persistent adnexal mass in pregnancy: what is the ideal surgical approach? J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2011;18(6):720–725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, T, Rustin, GJ, Role of tumor markers in monitoring epithelial ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2000;82(9): 1535–1538.Google ScholarPubMed
Muller, CY. Doctor, should I get this new ovarian cancer test – OVA1? Obstet Gynecol 2010;116(2 Pt 1):246–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenlee, RT, Kessel, B, Williams, CR, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and natural history of simple ovarian cysts among women >55 years old in a large cancer screening trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;202(4):373 e1-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 110: noncontraceptive uses of hormonal contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol 2010;115(1):206–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathevet, P, Nessah, K, Dargent, D, Mellier, G. Laparoscopic management of adnexal masses in pregnancy: a case series. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003;108(2):217–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelley, WE Jr. The evolution of laparoscopy and the revolution in surgery in the decade of the 1990s. JSLS 2008;12(4):351–357.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee Opinion: number 280, December 2002. The role of the generalist obstetrician-gynecologist in the early detection of ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100(6):1413–1416.Google Scholar
Nezhat, F, Nezhat, C. Operative laparoscopy for the treatment of ovarian remnant syndrome. Fertil Steril 1992;57(5):1003–1007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hulka, JF, Parker, WH, Surrey, MW, Phillips, JM. Management of ovarian masses. AAGL 1990 survey. J Reprod Med 1992;37(7):599–602.Google ScholarPubMed
Mais, V, Ajossa, S, Guerriero, S, et al. Laparoscopic versus abdominal myomectomy: a prospective, randomized trial to evaluate benefits in early outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174(2):654–858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davison, JM, Park, W, Penney, LL. Comparative study of operative laparoscopy versus laparotomy. Analysis of the financial impact. J Reprod Med 1993;38(5):357–360.Google ScholarPubMed
Lundorff, P, Hahlin, M, Kallfelt, B, Thorburn, J, Lindblom, B. Adhesion formation after laparoscopic surgery in tubal pregnancy: a randomized trial versus laparotomy. Fertil Steril 1991;55(5):911–915.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maruri, F, Azziz, R. Laparoscopic surgery for ectopic pregnancies: technology assessment and public health implications. Fertil Steril 1993;59(3):487–498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nezhat, C, Cho, J, King, LP, Hajhosseini, B, Nezhat, F. Laparoscopic management of adnexal masses. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2011;38(4):663–676.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapron, C, Dubuisson, JB, Kadoch, O, Capella-Allouc, S, Vacher-Lavenu, MC. Laparoscopic management of organic ovarian cysts: is there a place for frozen section diagnosis? Hum Reprod 1998;13(2):324–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dottino, PR, Levine, DA, Ripley, DL, Cohen, CJ. Laparoscopic management of adnexal masses in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 1999;93(2):223–228.Google ScholarPubMed
Canis, M, Mashiach, R, Wattiez, A, et al. Frozen section in laparoscopic management of macroscopically suspicious ovarian masses. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2004;11(3):365–369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pejovic, T, Nezhat, F. Laparoscopic management of adnexal masses the opportunities and the risks. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;943:255–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nezhat, F, Nezhat, C, Silfen, SL, Fehnel, SH. Laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy during pregnancy. J Laparoendosc Surg 1991;1(3):161–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nezhat, FR, Tazuke, S, Nezhat, CH, et al. Laparoscopy during pregnancy: a literature review. JSLS. 1997;1(1):17–27.Google ScholarPubMed
Whitecar, MP, Turner, S, Higby, MK. Adnexal masses in pregnancy: a review of 130 cases undergoing surgical management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181(1):19–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernhard, LM, Klebba, PK, Gray, DL, Mutch, DG. Predictors of persistence of adnexal masses in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1999;93(4):585–589.Google ScholarPubMed
Hess, LW, Peaceman, A, O’Brien, WF, et al. Adnexal mass occurring with intrauterine pregnancy: report of fifty-four patients requiring laparotomy for definitive management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;158(5):1029–1034.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horowitz, NS. Management of adnexal masses in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2011;54(4):519–527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tazuke, SI, Nezhat, FR, Nezhat, CH, et al. Laparoscopic management of pelvic pathology during pregnancy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 1997;4(5):605–608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curet, MJ, Allen, D, Josloff, RK, et al. Laparoscopy during pregnancy. Arch Surg 1996;131(5):546–550; discussion 550–551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathevet, P, Nessah, K, Dargent, D, Mellier, G. Laparoscopic management of adnexal masses in pregnancy: a case series. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003;108(2):217–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yuen, PM, Ng, PS, Leung, PL, Rogers, MS. Outcome in laparoscopic management of persistent adnexal mass during the second trimester of pregnancy. Surg Endosc 2004;18(9):1354–1357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahdavi, A, Berker, B, Nezhat, C, Nezhat, F, Nezhat, C. Laparoscopic management of ovarian cysts. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2004;31(3):581–592, ix.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nezhat, C, Winer, WK, Nezhat, F. Laparoscopic removal of dermoid cysts. Obstet Gynecol 1989;73(2):278–281.Google ScholarPubMed
Nezhat, CR, Kalyoncu, S, Nezhat, CH, et al. Laparoscopic management of ovarian dermoid cysts: ten years’ experience. JSLS 1999;3(3):179–184.Google ScholarPubMed
Serafini, P, Kerin, J, Marrs, R. Management of unexpected ovarian dermoid cyst during laparoscopy for oocyte pickup. Fertil Steril 1987;48(1):146–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ajossa, S, Mais, V, Guerriero, S, et al. The prevalence of endometriosis in premenopausal women undergoing gynecological surgery. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 1994;21(3):195–197.Google ScholarPubMed
Farquhar, CM. Extracts from the “clinical evidence.” Endometriosis. BMJ 2000;320(7247):1449–1452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holoch, KJ, Lessey, BA. Endometriosis and infertility. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2010;53(2):429–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenkins, S, Olive, DL, Haney, AF. Endometriosis: pathogenetic implications of the anatomic distribution. Obstet Gynecol 1986;67(3):335–338.Google ScholarPubMed
Sampson, JA. Metastatic or embolic endometriosis, due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the venous circulation. Am J Pathol 1927;3(2):93–110.43.Google ScholarPubMed
Brosens, IA, Puttemans, PJ, Deprest, J. The endoscopic localization of endometrial implants in the ovarian chocolate cyst. Fertil Steril 1994;61(6):1034–1038.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donnez, J, Nisolle, M, Gillet, N, et al. Large ovarian endometriomas. Hum Reprod 1996;11(3):641–646.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scurry, J, Whitehead, J, Healey, M. Classification of ovarian endometriotic cysts. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2001;20(2):147–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hart, RJ, Hickey, M, Maouris, P, Buckett, W. Excisional surgery versus ablative surgery for ovarian endometriomata. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008(2):CD004992.Google ScholarPubMed
Carmona, F, Martinez-Zamora, MA, Rabanal, A, Martinez-Roman, S, Balasch, J. Ovarian cystectomy versus laser vaporization in the treatment of ovarian endometriomas: a randomized clinical trial with a five-year follow-up. Fertil Steril 2011;96(1):251–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roman, H, Auber, M, Mokdad, C, et al. Ovarian endometrioma ablation using plasma energy versus cystectomy: a step toward better preservation of the ovarian parenchyma in women wishing to conceive. Fertil Steril 2011;96(6):1396–1400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nezhat, C, Crowgey, SR, Garrison, CP. Surgical treatment of endometriosis via laser laparoscopy. Fertil Steril 1986;45(6):778–783.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, DG. The retained ovary and the residual ovary syndrome. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;38(4):446–447.Google ScholarPubMed
Carter, JE. Biography of Camran Nezhat, MD, FACOG, FACS. JSLS 2006;10(2):275–280.Google Scholar
Koch, MO, Coussens, D, Burnett, L. The ovarian remnant syndrome and ureteral obstruction: medical management. J Urol 1994;152(1):158–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kho, RM, Magrina, JF, Magtibay, PM. Pathologic findings and outcomes of a minimally invasive approach to ovarian remnant syndrome. Fertil Steril 2007;87(5):1005–1009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abu-Rafeh, B, Vilos, GA, Misra, M. Frequency and laparoscopic management of ovarian remnant syndrome. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2003;10(1):33–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El-Minawi, AM, Howard, FM. Operative laparoscopic treatment of ovarian retention syndrome. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 1999;6(3):297–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Tait, L. An account of two hundred and eight consecutive cases of abdominal section performed between Nov. 1st, 1881, and December 31st, 1882. Br Med J 1883;1:300–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shapiro, HI, Adler, DH. Excision of an ectopic pregnancy through the laparoscope. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1973;117:290–291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jurkovic, D, Wilkinson, H. Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy. BMJ 2011;342: 3397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, H, Baakdah, H, Bardell, T, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of ectopic pregnancy. CMAJ 2005;173:905–912.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goyaux, N, Leke, R, Keita, N, et al. Ectopic pregnancy in African developing countries. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003;82:305–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cantwell, R, Clutton-Brock, T, Cooper, G, et al. Deaths in early pregnancy. Saving mothers’ lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006–2008. The Eighth Report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. BJOG 2011;118(Suppl 1):1–203.Google Scholar
Dart, RG, Kaplan, B, Varaklis, K. Predictive value of history and physical examination in patients with suspected ectopic pregnancy. Ann Emerg Med 1999;33:283–290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spandorfer, SD, Barnhart, KT. Role of previous ectopic pregnancy in altering the presentation of suspected ectopic pregnancy. J Reprod Med 2003;48:133–136.Google ScholarPubMed
Stulberg, DB, Cain, L, Dahlquist, IH, Lauderdale, DS. Ectopic pregnancy morbidity and mortality in low-income women, 2004–2008. Hum Reprod 2016;31(3):666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouyer, J, Coste, J, Shojael, T, et al. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a comprehensive analysis based on a large case-control, population-based study in France. Am J Epidemiol 2003;157: 185–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouyer, J, Rachou, E, Germain, E, et al. Risk factors for extrauterine pregnancy in women using an intrauterine device. Fertil Steril 2000;74:899–908.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandez, H, Gerviase, A. Ectopic pregnancies after infertility treatment: modern diagnosis and therapeutic strategy. Hum Reprod 2004;10:503–513.Google ScholarPubMed
Hillis, SD, Owens, LM, Marchbanks, PA, et al. Recurrent chlamydial infections increase the risks of hospitalization for ectopic pregnancy and pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;176:103–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marchbanks, PA, Annegers, JF, Goulam, GB, et al. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a population-based study. JAMA 1988;259:1823.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, C, Zhao, WH, Zhu, Q, et al. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a multi-center case-control study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015;15:187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kissler, S, Zangos, S, Wiegratz, I, et al. Utero-tubal sperm transport and its impairment in endometriosis and adenomyosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1101:38–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, JL, Wills, GS, Lee, KF, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis infection increases fallopian tube PROKR2 via TLR2 and NFκB activation resulting in a microenvironment predisposed to ectopic pregnancy. Am J Pathol 2011;178:253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saraiya, M, Berg, GJ, Kendrick, JS, et al. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178(3):493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouyer, J, Coste, J, Shojaei, T, et al. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a comprehensive analysis based on a large case-control, population-based study in France. Am J Epidemiol 2003;157:185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ory, HW. The Women’s Health Study. Ectopic pregnancy and intrauterine contraceptive devices: new perspectives. Obstet Gynecol 1981;57:137–144.Google ScholarPubMed
Ankum, WM, Mol, BW, Van der Veen, F, et al. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 1996;65:1093–1099.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malacova, E, Kemp, A, Hart, R, Jama-Alol, K, Preen, DB. Long-term risk of ectopic pregnancy varies by method of tubal sterilization: a whole-population study. Fertil Steril 2014;101:728–734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Du, T, Chen, H, Fu, R, et al. Comparison of ectopic pregnancy risk among transfers of embryos vitrified on day 3, day 5, and day 6. Fertil Steril 2017;108:108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perkins, KM, Boulet, SL, Kissin, DM, et al. Risk of ectopic pregnancy associated with assisted reproductive technology in the United States, 2001–2011. Obstet Gynecol 2015;125:70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, B, Cui, L, Tang, R, et al. Reduced ectopic pregnancy rate on day 5 embryo transfer compared with day 3: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017;12:e0169837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, YL, Sun, J, Su, YC, et al. Ectopic pregnancy in frozen-thawed embryo transfer: a retrospective analysis of 4,034 cycles and related factors. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2013;59:34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buckley, RG, King, KJ, Disney, JD, et al. Derivation of a clinical prediction model for the emergency department diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Acad Emerg Med 1998;5:951.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mol, BW, Ilajenius, PJ, Engelsbel, S, et al. Can noninvasive diagnostic tools predict tubal rupture or active bleeding in patients with tubal pregnancy? Fertil Steril 1999;71:167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mol, BW, Hajenuis, P, Engelsbel, S, et al. Should patients who are suspected of having an ectopic pregnancy undergo a physical examination? Fertil Steril 1999;71:155–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnhart, KT, Sammel, MD, Rinaudo, PF, et al. Symptomatic patients with an early viable intrauterine pregnancy: HCG curves redefined. Obstet Gynecol 2004;104:50–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saxon, D, Falcone, T, Mascha, EJ, et al. A study of ruptured tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1997;90:46–49. Comment in Obstet Gynecol 1997;90: 866–867.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnhart, K, Mennuti, MT, Benjamin, I, et al. Prompt diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy in an emergency department setting. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:1010–1015.Google Scholar
Verhaegen, J, Gallos, ID, van Mello, NM, et al. Accuracy of single progesterone test to predict early pregnancy outcome in women with pain or bleeding: meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ 2012;345:6077.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albayram, F, Hamper, UM. First-trimester obstetric emergencies: spectrum of sonographic findings. J Clin Ultrasound 2002;30:161–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Habana, A, Dokras, A, Giraldo, JL, et al. Cornual heterotopic pregnancy: contemporary management options. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1264–1270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tal, J, Haddad, S, Gordon, N, et al. Heterotopic pregnancy after ovulation induction and assisted reproductive technologies: a literature review from 1971 to 1993. Fertil Steril 1996;66:1–12.Google ScholarPubMed
Kadar, N, DeVore, G, Romero, R. Discriminatory hCG zone: its use in the sonographic evaluation for ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1981;58:156.Google ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, SR, Snyder, JR, Watson, G, et al. Very early pregnancy detection with endovaginal ultrasound. Obstet Gynecol 1988;72:200.Google ScholarPubMed
Mehta, TS, Levine, D, Beckwith, B. Treatment of ectopic pregnancy: Is a human chorionic gonadotropin level of 2,000 mIU/mL a reasonable threshold? Radiology 1997;205:569–573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shalev, E, Yarom, I, Bustan, M, et al. Transvaginal sonography as the ultimate diagnostic tool for the management of ectopic pregnancy: experience with 840 cases. Fertil Steril 1998;69:62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, DL, Doubilet, PM. Transvaginal sonography for diagnosing ectopic pregnancy. J Ultrasound Med 1994;13:259–266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mol, BW, Hajenius, PJ, Engelsbel, S, et al. Serum human chorionic gonadotropin measurement in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy when transvaginal sonography is inconclusive. Fertil Steril 1998;70:972.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buckley, RG, King, KJ, Disney, JD, et al. Serum progesterone testing to predict ectopic pregnancy in symptomatic first-trimester patients. Ann Emerg Med 2000;36:95–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dart, R, Ramanujam, P, Dart, L. Progesterone as a predictor of ectopic pregnancy when the ultrasound is indeterminate. Am J Emerg Med 2002;20:575–579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doubilet, PM, Benson, CB, Bourne, T, et al. Diagnostic criteria for nonviable pregnancy early in the first trimester. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farquhar, CM. Ectopic pregnancy. Lancet 2005;366(9485):583–591.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soriano, D, Yefet, Y, Oelsner, G, et al. Operative laparoscopy for management of ectopic pregnancy in patients with hypovolemic shock. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 1997;4:363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nezhat, C, Siegler, A, Nezhat, F, et al. Operative Gynecologic Laparoscopy: Principles and Techniques, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000.Google Scholar
DeCherney, AH, Diamond, MP. Laparoscopic salpingostomy for ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1987;70:948.Google ScholarPubMed
DeCherney, AH, Kase, N. The conservative surgical management of unruptured ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1979;54:451.Google ScholarPubMed
Pouly, JL, Mahnes, H, Mage, G, et al. Conservative laparoscopic treatment of 321 ectopic pregnancies. Fertil Steril 1986;46:1093.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vermesh, M, Silva, PD, Rosen, GF, et al. Management of unruptured ectopic gestation by linear salpingostomy: a prospective, randomized clinical trial of laparoscopy versus laparotomy. Obstet Gynecol 1989;73:400.Google ScholarPubMed
Stromme, WB. Conservative surgery for ectopic pregnancy: a 20-year review. Obstet Gynecol 1973;41:215.Google Scholar
Timonen, S, Nieminen, U. Tubal pregnancy: choice of operative method of treatment. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1967;46:327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lundorff, P, Thornburn, J, Lindblom, B. Fertility outcome after conservative surgical treatment of ectopic pregnancy evaluated in a randomized trial. Fertil Steril 1992;57:998.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nagele, F, Molnar, BG, O’Connor, H, et al. Randomized studies in endoscopic surgery – where is the proof? Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 1996;8:281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruhat, MA, Manhes, H, Mage, G, et al. Treatment of ectopic pregnancy by means of laparoscopy. Fertil Steril 1980;33:411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hajenius, PJ, Mol, F, Mol, BW, et al. Interventions for tubal ectopic pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;24:1.Google Scholar
Luciano, AA, Maier, DB, Koch, El, et al. A comparative study of postoperative adhesions following laser surgery by laparoscopy versus laparotomy in the rabbit model. Obstet Gynecol 1989;74:220.Google ScholarPubMed
Nezhat, G, Metzger, MD, Nezhat, F, et al. Adhesion reformation after reproductive surgery by videolaseroscopy. Fertil Steril 1990;53:1008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lundorff, P, Hahlin, M, Kallfelt, B, et al. Adhesion formation after laparoscopic surgery in tubal pregnancy: a randomized trial versus laparotomy. Fertil Steril 1991;55:911.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brumsted, J, Kessler, G, Gibson, G, et al. A comparison of laparoscopy and laparotomy for the treatment of ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1988;71:889.Google ScholarPubMed
Nezhat, G, Nezhat, F. Conservative management of ectopic gestation (letter to the editor). Fertil Steril 1990;53:382.Google Scholar
Frishman, GN, Steinhoff, MM, Luciano, AA. Triplet tubal pregnancy treated by outpatient laparoscopic salpingostomy. Fertil Steril 1990;54:934.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graczykowski, JW, Mishell, DR Jr. Methotrexate prophylaxis for persistent ectopic pregnancy after conservative treatment by salpingostomy. Obstet Gynecol 1997;89:118–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luciano, AA. Ectopic pregnancy. In Quilling, EJ, Zuspan, FP, eds. Current Therapy in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1990: 226–229.Google Scholar
Sowter, M, Frappell, J. The role of laparoscopy in the management of ectopic pregnancy. Rev Gynaecol Pract 2002;2:73–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nezhat, F, Winer, W, Nezhat, C. Salpingectomy via laparoscopy: a new surgical approach. J Laparoendosc Surg 1991;1:91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandez, H, Capmas, P, Lucot, JP, et al. Fertility after ectopic pregnancy: the DEMETER randomized trial. Hum Reprod 2013;28:1247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mol, F, van Mello, NM, Strandell, A, et al. Salpingotomy versus salpingectomy in women with tubal pregnancy (ESEP study): an open-label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2014;383:1483–1489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tulandi, T, Saleh, A. Surgical management of ectopic pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1999;42:31–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silva, P, Schaper, A, Rooney, B. Reproductive outcome after 143 laparoscopic procedures for ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril 1993;81:710–715.Google ScholarPubMed
Job-Spira, N, Bouyer, J, Pouly, J. Fertility after ectopic pregnancy: first results of a population-based cohort study in France. Hum Reprod 1996;11:99–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mol, B, Matthijsse, H, Tinga, D, et al. Fertility after conservative and radical surgery for tubal pregnancy. Hum Reprod 1998;13:1804–1809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bangsgaard, N, Lund, C, Ottesen, B, et al. Improved fertility following conservative surgical treatment of ectopic pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2003;110:765–770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buster, JE, Krotz, S. Reproductive performance after ectopic pregnancy. Semin Reprod Med 2007;25:131–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jafri, SZH, Loginsky, JS, Bouffard, JA, et al. Sonographic detection of interstitial pregnancy. J Clin Ultrasound 1987;15:253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamreava, MM, Taymor, ML, Berger, MJ, et al. Disappearance of human chorionic gonadotropin following removal of ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1983;62:486.Google Scholar
Trio, D, Strobelt, N, Picciolo, C, et al. Prognostic factors for successful expectant management of ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril 1995;63:469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Mello, NM, Mol, F, Mol, BW, et al. Conservative management of tubal ectopic pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2009;23:509–518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banerjee, S, Aslam, N, Zosmer, N, et al. The expectant management of women with early pregnancy of unknown location. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1999;14:231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tulandi, T, Sammour, A. Evidence-based management of ectopic pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2000;12:289–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craig, LB, Khan, S. Expectant management of ectopic pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2012;55:461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mol, F, Mol, BW, Ankum, WM, et al. Current evidence on surgery, systemic methotrexate and expectant management in the treatment of tubal ectopic pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2008;14:309–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnhart, KT, Gosman, G, Ashby, R, et al. The medical management of ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis comparing “single dose” and “multidose” regimens. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:778–784.Google ScholarPubMed
Hajenius, PJ, Engelsbel, S, Mol, BWJ, et al. Systemic methotrexate versus laparoscopic salpingostomy in tubal pregnancy: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet 1997;350:774–779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saraj, A, Wilcox, J, Najmabadi, S, et al. Resolution of hormonal markers of ectopic gestation: a randomized trial comparing single-dose intramuscular methotrexate with salpingostomy. Obstet Gynecol 1998;92:989–994.Google ScholarPubMed
Lipscomb, GH, McCord, ML, Stovall, TG, et al. Predictors of success of methotrexate treatment in women with tubal ectopic pregnancies. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1974–1978.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandez, H, Rainhorn, JD, Papiernik, E. Spontaneous resolution of ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1988;71(2):171.Google ScholarPubMed
Stovall, TG, Ling, FW, Gray, LA. Single doses of methotrexate for treatment of ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1991;77:754.Google ScholarPubMed
Klauser, CK, May, WL, Johnson, VK, Methotrexate for ectopic pregnancy: a randomised “single dose” compared with “multidose” trial. Obstet Gynecol 2005;105:64.Google Scholar
Lipscomb, GH, Bran, D, McCord, ML, et al. Analysis of three hundred fifteen ectopic pregnancies treated with single-dose methotrexate. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:1354–1358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perdu, M, Camus, E, Rozenberg, P, et al. Treating ectopic pregnancy with the combination of mifepristone and methotrexate: a phase II nonrandomized study. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;179:640–643.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rozenberg, P, Chevret, S, Camus, E, et al. Medical treatment of ectopic pregnancies: a randomized clinical trial comparing methotrexate-mifepristone and methotrexate-placebo. Hum Reprod 2003;18:1802–1808.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gazvani, MR, Baruah, DN, Alfirevic, Z, et al. Mifepristone in combination with methotrexate for the medical treatment of tubal pregnancy: a randomized, controlled trial. Hum Reprod 1998;13:1987–1990.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skubisz, MM, Horne, AW, Johns, TG, et al. Combination gefitinib and methotrexate compared with methotrexate alone to treat ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2013;122:745.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heard, K, Kendall, J, Abbott, J. Rupture of ectopic pregnancy after medical therapy with methotrexate: a case series. J Emerg Med 1998;16:857.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nieuwkerk, PT, Hajenius, PJ, Ankum, WM, et al. Systemic methotrexate therapy versus laparoscopic salpingostomy in patients with tubal pregnancy: I. Impact on patients’ health-related quality of life. Fertil Steril 1998;70:511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foulk, RA, Steiger, RM. Operative management of ectopic pregnancy: a cost analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Learman, LA, Grimes, DA. Rapid hospital discharge following laparoscopy for ectopic pregnancy: a promise unfulfilled? West J Med 1997;167:145.Google ScholarPubMed
Hidlebaugh, D, O’Mara, P. Clinical and financial analyses of ectopic pregnancy management at a large health plan. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 1997;4:207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mol, BW, Hajenius, PJ, Engelsbel, S, et al. Is conservative surgery for tubal pregnancy preferable to salpingectomy? An economic analysis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997;104:834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mol, BW, Hajenius, PJ, Engelsbel, S, et al. Treatment of tubal pregnancy in the Netherlands: an economic comparison of systemic methotrexate administration and laparoscopic salpingostomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:945.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verma, U, English, D, Brookfield, K. Conservative management of nontubal ectopic pregnancies. Fertil Steril 2011;96:1391–1395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walid, MS, Heaton, RL. Diagnosis and laparoscopic treatment of cornual ectopic pregnancy. Ger Med Sci 2010;8:16.Google ScholarPubMed
Meyer, WR, Mitchell, D. Hysteroscopic removal of an interstitial ectopic gestation. A case report. J Reprod Med 1989;34:928–929.Google ScholarPubMed
Koo, YJ, Choi, HJ, Im, KS, et al. Pregnancy outcomes after surgical treatment of ovarian pregnancy. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2011;114:97–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril 2006;86:96–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rotas, MA, Haberman, S, Levgur, M. Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies: etiology, diagnosis and management. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:1373–1381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seow, KM, Hwang, JI, Tsai, YL, et al. Subsequent pregnancy outcome after conservative treatment of a previous Cesarean scar pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004;83:1167–1172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, CJ, Chao, AS, Yuen, LT, et al. Endoscopic management of Cesarean scar pregnancy. Fertil Steril 2006;85:1–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Barrett, S, Taylor, C. A review on pelvic inflammatory disease. Int J STD AIDS 2005;16(11):716–720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, J. Extracts from “clinical evidence”: pelvic inflammatory disease. BMJ 2001;322(7287):658–659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morcos, R, Frost, N, Hnat, M, Petrunak, A, Caldito, G. Laparoscopic versus clinical diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. J Reprod Med 1993;38(1):53–56.Google ScholarPubMed
Workowski, KA. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. Clin Infect Dis 2015;61(Suppl. 8):S759–762)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, CK, Landers, D V. Pelvic abscesses: new trends in management. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1991;46(9):615–624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, WC, Ford, CA, Morris, M, et al. Prevalence of chlamydial and gonococcal infections among young adults in the United States. J Am Med Assoc 2004;291(18):2229–2236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heinonen, PK, Leinonen, M. Fecundity and morbidity following acute pelvic inflammatory disease treated with doxycycline and metronidazole. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2003;268(4):284–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simms, I, Warburton, F, Weström, L. Diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease: Time for a rethink. Sex Transm Infect 2003;79(6):491–494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molander, P, Cacciatore, B, Sjöberg, J, Paavonen, J. Laparoscopic management of suspected acute pelvic inflammatory disease. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2000;7(1):107–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molander, P, Finne, P, Sjöberg, J, Sellors, J, Paavonen, J. Observer agreement with laparoscopic diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease using photographs. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101(5):875–880.Google ScholarPubMed
Horrow, MM, Rodgers, SK, Naqvi, S. Ultrasound of pelvic inflammatory disease. Ultrasound Clin 2007;2(2):297–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timor-Tritsch, IE, Lerner, JP, Monteagudo, A, Murphy, KE, Heller, DS. Transvaginal sonographic markers of tubal inflammatory disease. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998;12(1):56–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molander, P, Sjöberg, J, Paavonen, J, Cacciatore, B. Transvaginal power Doppler findings in laparoscopically proven acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001;17(3):233–238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Varras, MN, Polyzos, D, Perouli, E, et al. Tubo-ovarian abscesses: spectrum of sonographic findings with surgical and pathological correlations. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2003;30(2–3):117–121.Google ScholarPubMed
Ha, HK, Lim, GY, Cha, ES, et al. MR imaging of tubo-ovarian abscess. Acta Radiol 1995;36(5):510–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, SH, Kim, SH, Yang, DM, Kim, KA. Unusual causes of tubo-ovarian abscess: CT and MR imaging findings. Radiographics 2004;24 (6):1575–1589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, MJ, Yang, JH, Yang, YS, Ho, HN. Increased occurrence of tubo-ovarian abscesses in women with stage III and IV endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2004;82(2):498–499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kubota, T, Ishi, K, Takeuchi, H. A study of tubo-ovarian and ovarian abscesses, with a focus on cases with endometrioma. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 1997;23(5):421–426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allahbadia, GN, Merchant, RE. Bleeding and PID following ART. In Contemporary Perspectives on Assisted Reproductive Technology. Elsevier; 2006: 217–221.Google Scholar
Varras, M, Polyzos, D, Tsikini, A, et al. Ruptured tubo-ovarian abscess as a complication of IVF treatment: clinical, ultrasonographic and histopathologic findings. A case report. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2003;30(2–3):164–168.Google ScholarPubMed
Younis, JS, Ezra, Y, Laufer, N, Ohel, G. Late manifestation of pelvic abscess following oocyte retrieval, for in vitro fertilization, in patients with severe endometriosis and ovarian endometriomata. J Assist Reprod Genet 1997;14(6):343–346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moini, A, Riazi, K, Amid, V, et al. Endometriosis may contribute to oocyte retrieval-induced pelvic inflammatory disease: report of eight cases. J Assist Reprod Genet 2005;22(7):307–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dmowski, WP, Braun, DP. Immunology of endometriosis. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2004;18(2):245–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrikopoulou, M. Tubo-ovarian abscess in second trimester of pregnancy after transvaginal oocyte retrieval: challenges in management. Int Arch Urol Complicat 2016;2(1).Google Scholar
Kim, JW, Lee, WS, Yoon, TK, Han, JE. Term delivery following tuboovarian abscess after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013;208(5):e3–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Protopapas, AG, Diakomanolis, ES, Milingos, SD, et al. Tubo-ovarian abscesses in postmenopausal women: gynecological malignancy until proven otherwise? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004;114(2):203–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halperin, R, Levinson, O, Yaron, M, Bukovsky, I, Schneider, D. Tubo-ovarian abscess in older women: is the woman’s age a risk factor for failed response to conservative treatment? Gynecol Obstet Invest 2003;55(4):211–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heaton, FC, Ledger, WJ. Postmenopausal tuboovarian abscess. Obstet Gynecol 1976;47(1):90–94.Google ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, M, Molpus, K, Roberts, WS, Lyman, GH, Cavanagh, D. Tuboovarian abscess in postmenopausal women. J Reprod Med. 1990;35(5):525–528.Google ScholarPubMed
Halperin, R, Zehavi, S, Gayer, G, Herman, A, Schneider, D. Fallopian tube carcinoma presenting as tubo-ovarian abscess: a report of two cases with literature review. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2005;15(6):1131–1134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verit, FF, Kafali, H. Primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube mimicking tubo-ovarian abscess. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2005;26(2):225–226.Google ScholarPubMed
Gjelland, K, Ekerhovd, E, Granberg, S. Transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration for treatment of tubo-ovarian abscess: a study of 302 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193(4):1323–1330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perez-Medina, T, Huertas, MA, Bajo, JM. Early ultrasound-guided transvaginal drainage of tubo-ovarian abscesses: a randomized study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996;7(6):435–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caspi, B, Zalel, Y, Or, Y, et al. Sonographically guided aspiration: an alternative therapy for tubo-ovarian abscess. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996;7(6):439–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adducci, JE. Laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease with abscess formation. Int Surg 1981;66(4):359–360.Google ScholarPubMed
Henry-Suchet, J, Soler, A, Loffredo, V. Laparoscopic treatment of tuboovarian abscesses. J Reprod Med 1984;29(8):579–582.Google ScholarPubMed
Buchweitz, O, Malik, E, Kressin, P, Meyhoefer-Malik, A, Diedrich, K. Laparoscopic management of tubo-ovarian abscesses: retrospective analysis of 60 cases. Surg Endosc 2000;14(10):948–950.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raiga, J, Canis, M, Le Bouedec, G, et al. Laparoscopic management of adnexal abscesses: consequences for fertility. Fertil Steril 1996;66(5):712–717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, N, van Voorst, S, Sowter, MC, Strandell, A, Mol, BWJ. Surgical treatment for tubal disease in women due to undergo in vitro fertilisation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004(3):CD002125.Google ScholarPubMed
Yang, CC, Chen, P, Tseng, JY, Wang, PH. Advantages of open laparoscopic surgery over exploratory laparotomy in patients with tubo-ovarian abscess. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2002;9(3):327–332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, CR. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection upon acute salpingitis: a laparoscopic study. J Infect Dis 1998;178(5 Suppl.):1352–1358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nezhat, F, Nezhat, C, Silfen, SL. Videolaseroscopy for oophorectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165(5):1323–1330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simms, I, Warburton, F, Weström, L, et al. Operations of the fallopian tube. Oper Gynecol Laparosc Princ Tech 2000;29(5):217–221.Google Scholar
Sørbye, IK, Jerve, F, Staff, AC. Reduction in hospitalized women with pelvic inflammatory disease in Oslo over the past decade. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2005;84(3):290–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Baron, JH. Inflammatory bowel disease up to 1932. Mount Sinai J Med 2000;67(3):174–189.Google ScholarPubMed
Crohn, BB, Ginzburg, L, Oppenheimer, GD. Regional ileitis: a pathologic and clinical entity. JAMA 1984;251(1):73–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lakatos, PL. Recent trends in the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases: up or down? World J Gastroenterol 2006;12(38):6102–6108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ng, SC, Shi, HY, Hamidi, N, et al. Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: a systematic review of population-based studies. Lancet 2017;390:2769–2778.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koltun, WA. IBD: diagnosis and evaluation. In Beck, DE, Roberts, PL, Saclarides, TJ, eds. The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery, 2nd ed. New York: Springer; 2011: 449–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponder, A, Long, MD. A clinical review of recent findings in the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Epidemiol 2013;2013(1):237–247.Google Scholar
Bamias, G, Nyce, MR, De La Rue, SA, Cominelli, F. New concepts in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Intern Med 2005;143(12):895–904.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, CN, Rawsthorne, P, Cheang, M, Blanchard, JF. A population-based case control study of potential risk factors for IBD. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101(5):993–1002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birrenbach, T, Bocker, U. Inflammatory bowel disease and smoking: a review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutic implications. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004;10(6):848–859.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roth, MP, Petersen, GM, McElree, C, Feldman, E, Rotter, JI. Geographic origins of Jewish patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1989;97(4):900–904.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olszak, T, An, D, Zeissig, S, et al. Microbial exposure during early life has persistent effects on natural killer T cell function. Science 2012;336(6080):489–493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farmer, RG, Michener, WM, Mortimer, EA. Studies of family history among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol 1980;9(2):271–277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peeters, M, Nevens, H, Baert, F, et al. Familial aggregation in Crohn’s disease: increased age-adjusted risk and concordance in clinical characteristics. Gastroenterology 1996;111(3):597–603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Satsangi, J, Grootscholten, C, Holt, H, Jewell, DP. Clinical patterns of familial inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1996;38(5):738–741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, JC. Parkes, M. 100 genes for IBD … whatever next!? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;11(3):103–111.Google Scholar
Petersen, HJ, Smith, A.M. The role of the innate immune system in granulomatous disorders. Front Immunol 2013;4:120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, N, Dulai, M. Contemporary morphologic definition of backwash ileitis in ulcerative colitis and features that distinguish it from Crohn disease. Am J Clin Pathol 2006;126(3):365–376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Truelove, SC, Witts, LJ. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis; final report on a therapeutic trial. Br Med J 1955;2(4947):1041–1048.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazarev, M, Huang, C, Bitton, A, et al. Relationship between proximal Crohn’s disease location and disease behavior and surgery: a cross-sectional study of the IBD Genetics Consortium. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108(1):106–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Regueira, M, Loftus, EV, Steinhart, AH, Cohen, RD ; lnflammatory Bowel Disease Center. Clinical guidelines for the medical management of left-sided ulcerative colitis and ulcerative proctitis: summary statement.Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006;12(10):912–918.Google Scholar
Feagan, BG, Macdonald, JK. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;10:CD000543.Google ScholarPubMed
Bernell, O, Lapidus, A, Hellers, G. Risk factors for surgery and postoperative recurrence in Crohn’s disease. Ann Surg 2000;231 (1):38–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farmer, RG, Whelan, G, Fazio, VW. Long-term follow-up of patients with Crohn’s disease. Relationship between the clinical pattern and prognosis. Gastroenterology 1985;88(6):1818–1825.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rungoe, C, Langholz, E, Andersson, M, et al. Changes in medical treatment and surgery rates in inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide cohort study 1979–2011. Gut 2014;63(10):1607–1616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solberg, IC, Vatn, MH, Hoie, O, et al. Clinical course in Crohn’s disease: results of a Norwegian population-based ten-year follow-up study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5(12):1430–1438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Picco, MF, Zubiaurre, I, Adluni, M, Cangemi, JR, Shelton, D. Immunomodulators are associated with a lower risk of first surgery among patients with non-penetrating non-stricturing Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104(11):2754–2759.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thepsuwan, J, Huang, K-G, Wilamarta, M, et al. Principles of safe abdominal entry in laparoscopic gynecologic surgery. Gynecol Minim Invasive Ther 2013;2(4):105–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kondrup, JD, Sylvester, B. Palmer’s point – go for it! The technique of LUQ and direct view entry. JMIG 2012;19(6):S177.Google Scholar
Andersson, P, Soderholm, JD. Surgery in ulcerative colitis: indication and timing. Dig Dis 2009;27(3):335–340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kristo, I, Stift, A, Argeny, S, Mittlböck, M, Riss, S. Minimal-invasive approach for penetrating Crohn’s disease is not associated with increased complications. Surg Endosc 2016;30(12):5239–5244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilney, HS, Constantinides, VA, Heriot, AG, et al. Comparison of laparoscopic and open ileocecal resection for Crohn’s disease: a meta-analysis. Surg Endosc 2006;20:1036–1044.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosman, AS, Melis, M, Fichera, A. Meta-analysis of trials comparing laparoscopic and open surgery for Crohn’s disease. Surg Endosc 2005;19:1549–1555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heuschen, UA, Allemeyer, EH, Hinz, U, et al. Outcome after septic complications in J pouch procedures. Br J Surg 2002;89(2):194–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gorfine, SR, Fichera, A, Harris, MT, Bauer, JJ. Long-term results of salvage surgery for septic complications after restorative proctocolectomy: does fecal diversion improve outcome? Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46(10):339–344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Podratz, K. Degrees of freedom: advances in gynecological and obstetrical surgery. In Remembering Milestones and Achievements in Surgery: Inspiring Quality for a Hundred Years 1913–2012. American College of Surgeons; July 13, 2016.Google Scholar
Kelley, WE. The evolution of laparoscopy and the revolution in surgery in the decade of the 1990s. JSLS 2008;12(4):351–357.Google Scholar
Tokunaga, R. Video surgery expands its scope. Stanfor Med 1993/1994:11(2);12–16.Google Scholar
Stanford News Services Media Monitor. Stanford Report. February 9, 2005; 9.Google Scholar
Carter, JE. Biography of Camran Nezhat, MD, FACOG, FACS. JSLS 2006;10(2):275–280.Google Scholar
Page, B. Camran Nezhat the advent of advanced operative video-laparoscopy. In Nezhat, C, ed. Nezhat’s History of Endoscopy. Tuttlingen, Germany: Endo Press; 2011: 159–187.Google Scholar
Baker, S. A dozen Atlanta “Super Doctors.” Atlanta Magazine, November 1984.Google Scholar
Wallis, C. Medicine: the career woman’s disease? Time, April 28, 1986.Google Scholar
Clark, M. Conquering endometriosis. Lasers battle “the career women’s disease.” Newsweek October 13, 1986; 95.Google Scholar
Cowley, G. Hanging up the knife. A novel surgical technique promises to save patients time, money and blood. Newsweek. February 12, 1990; 58–59.Google Scholar
Pappas, TN, Jacobs, DO. Laparoscopic resection for colon cancer – the end of the beginning. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(20):2091–2092.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nezhat, C, Nezhat, F, Nezhat, C. Operative laparoscopy (minimally invasive surgery). State of the art. J Gynecol Surg 1992;8:111–141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nezhat, C, Nezhat, F. Evaluation of safety of videolaseroscopic treatment of bowel endometriosis. Paper presented at the 44th Annual Meeting of the American Fertility Society, Atlanta Hilton and Towers, Atlanta, GA, October 8–13, 1988.Google Scholar
Nezhat, C, Nezhat, F. Silfen, SL. Videolaseroscopy: the CO2 laser for advanced operative laparoscopy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1991;18:585–604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nezhat, CR, Nezhat, FR. Safe laser excision and vaporization of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1989;52(1):149–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nezhat, C, Pennington, E, Nezhat, F, Silfen, SL. Laparoscopically assisted anterior rectal wall resection and reanastomosis for deeply infiltrating endometriosis. Surg Laparosc Endosc 1991;1(2):106–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nezhat, F, Nezhat, C, Pennington, E. Laparoscopic proctectomy for infiltrating endometriosis of the rectum. Fertil Steril 1992;57(5):1129–1132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nezhat, F, Nezhat, C, Pennington, E, Ambroze, W Jr. Laparoscopic segmental resection for infiltrating endometriosis of the rectosigmoid colon: a preliminary report. Surg Laparosc Endosc 1992;2:212–216.Google Scholar
Nezhat, C, Nezhat, F, Pennington, E. Laparoscopic treatment of lower colorectal and infiltrating rectovaginal septum endometriosis by the technique of videolaseroscopy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992;99:664–667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nezhat, C, Nezhat, F, Nezhat, CH. Surgery for endometriosis of the bowel, bladder, ureter, and diaphragm. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997;828:332–340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nezhat, C, Nezhat, F, Pennington, E, et al. Laparoscopic disk excision and primary repair of the anterior rectal wall for the treatment of full thickness bowel endometriosis. Surg Endosc 1994;8:682–685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nezhat, C, Nezhat, F, Ambroze, W, Pennington, E. Laparoscopic repair of small bowel and colon: a report of 26 cases. Surg Endosc 1993;7(2):88–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nezhat, F. Triumphs and controversies in laparoscopy: the past, the present, and the future. JSLS 2003;7:1–5.Google ScholarPubMed

References

Azziz, R, Woods, KS, Reyna, R, et al. The prevalence and features of the polycystic ovary syndrome in an unselected population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2745–2749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2004;81:19–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franks, S. Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995;333:853–861.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Das, M, Gillott, DJ, Saridogan, E, et al. Anti-Mullerian hormone is increased in follicular fluid from unstimulated ovaries in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2008;23:2122–2126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The Thessaloniki ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Consensus on infertility treatment related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2008;89:505–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palomba, S, Pasquali, R, Orio, F, et al. Clomiphene citrate, metformin or both as first-step approach in treating anovulatory infertility in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a systematic review of head-to-head randomized controlled studies and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol 2009;70:311–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, IF, Leventhal, M. Amenorrhea associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1935;29:181–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toaff, R, Toaff, ME, Peyser, MR. Infertility following wedge resection of the ovaries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976;124:92–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Page, B. Camran Nezhat and the advent of advanced operative video-laparoscopy. In Nezhat, C, ed. Nezhat’s History of Endoscopy. Tuttlingen, Germany: Endo Press; 2011: 159–187.Google Scholar
Nezhat, C, Crowgey, SR, Garrison, CP. Surgical treatment of endometriosis via laser laparoscopy. Fertil Steril 1986;45:778–783.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tokunaga, R. Video surgery expands its scope. Stanford Med 1993/1994:11(2):12–16.Google Scholar
Wallis, C. Medicine: the career woman’s disease? Time 1986;28:62.Google Scholar
Farquhar, C, Lilford, RJ, Marjoribanks, J, et al. Laparoscopic drilling by diathermy or laser for ovulation induction in anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;18(3):CD001122.Google Scholar
Felemban, A, Tan, SL, Tulandi, T. Laparoscopic treatment of polycystic ovaries with insulated needle cautery: a reappraisal. Fertil Steril 2000;73:266–269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gjonnaess, H. Polycystic ovarian syndrome treated by ovarian electrocautery through the laparoscope. Fertil Steril 1984;41:20–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, TC, Saravelos, H, Chow, MS, et al. Factors affecting the outcome of laparoscopic ovarian drilling for polycystic ovarian syndrome in women with anovulatory infertility. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105:338–344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tulandi, T, al Took, S. Surgical management of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1998;12:541–553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amer, SA, Li, TC, Metwally, M, et al. Randomized controlled trial comparing laparoscopic ovarian diathermy with clomiphene citrate as a first-line method of ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2009;24:219–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amer, SA, Banu, Z, Li, TC, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome after laparoscopic ovarian drilling: endocrine and ultrasonographic outcomes. Hum Reprod 2002;17:2851–2857.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armar, NA, McGarrigle, HH, Honour, J, et al. Laparoscopic ovarian diathermy in the management of anovulatory infertility in women with polycystic ovaries: endocrine changes and clinical outcome. Fertil Steril 1990;53:45–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armar, NA, Lachelin, GC. Laparoscopic ovarian diathermy: an effective treatment for anti-oestrogen resistant anovulatory infertility in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993;100:161–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abdel Gadir, A, Khatim, MS, Alnaser, HM, et al. Ovarian electrocautery: responders versus non-responders. Gynecol Endocrinol 1993;7:43–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amer, SA, Li, TC, Ledger, WL. The value of measuring anti-Mullerian hormone in women with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing laparoscopic ovarian diathermy. Hum Reprod 2009;24:2760–2766.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duleba, AJ, Banaszewska, B, Spaczynski, RZ, et al. Success of laparoscopic ovarian wedge resection is related to obesity, lipid profile, and insulin levels. Fertil Steril 2003;79:1008–1014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naether, OG, Fischer, R. Adhesion formation after laparoscopic electrocoagulation of the ovarian surface in polycystic ovary patients. Fertil Steril 1993;60:95–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenblatt, EM, Casper, RF. Adhesion formation after laparoscopic ovarian cautery for polycystic ovarian syndrome: lack of correlation with pregnancy rate. Fertil Steril 1993;60:766–770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dabirashrafi, H. Complications of laparoscopic ovarian cauterization. Fertil Steril 1989;52:878–879.Google ScholarPubMed
Amer, SAK, Li, TC, Cooke, ID. A prospective dose-finding study of the amount of thermal energy required for laparoscopic ovarian diathermy. Hum Reprod 2003;18:1693–1698.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Mizyen, E, Grudzinskas, JG. Unilateral laparoscopic ovarian diathermy in infertile women with clomiphene citrate-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2007;88:1678–1680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balen, AH, Jacobs, HS. A prospective study comparing unilateral and bilateral laparoscopic ovarian diathermy in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 1994;62:921–925.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandez, H, Alby, JD, Gervaise, A, et al. Operative transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy for treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: a new minimally invasive surgery. Fertil Steril 2001;75:607–611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shibahara, H, Shimada, K, Kikuchi, K, et al. Major complications and outcome of diagnostic and operative transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2007;33:705–709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordts, S, Puttemans, P, Valkenburg, M, et al. Transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2009;91:2520–2526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordts, S, Watrelot, A, Campo, R, et al. Risk and outcome of bowel injury during transvaginal pelvic endoscopy. Fertil Steril 2001;76:1238–1241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhu, W, Fu, Z, Chen, X, et al. Transvaginal ultrasound-guided ovarian interstitial laser treatment in anovulatory women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial on the effect of laser dose used on the outcome. Fertil Steril 2010;94:268–275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shibahara, H, Hirano, Y, Kikuchi, K, et al. Postoperative endocrine alterations and clinical outcome of infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome after transvaginal hydrolaparoscopic ovarian drilling. Fertil Steril 2006;85:244–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giampaolino, P, Morra, I, Della Corte, L, et al. Serum anti-Mullerian hormone levels after ovarian drilling for the second-line treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot-randomized study comparing laparoscopy and transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy. J Gynecol Endocrinol 2017;33:26–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amer, SA, Shamy, TTE, James, C, et al. The impact of laparoscopic ovarian drilling on AMH and ovarian reserve: a meta-analysis. Reproduction 2017;154:R13–R21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kandil, M, Rezk, M, Al-Halaby, A, et al. Impact of ultrasound-guided transvaginal ovarian needle drilling versus laparoscopic ovarian drilling on ovarian reserve and pregnancy rate in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. J Min Inv Gynecol 2018;25:1075–1079.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Kaufmann, JJ. Unusual causes of extrinsic ureteral obstruction. Part 1. J Urol 1962;97:319–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shemwell, RE, Weed, JC. Ovarian remnant syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1970;36(2):299–303.Google ScholarPubMed
Christ, JE, Lotze, EC. The residual ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1975;46(5):551–556.Google ScholarPubMed
Dekel, A, Efrat, Z, Orvieto, R, et al. The residual ovary syndrome: a 20-year experience. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996;68(1):159–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minke, T, DePond, W, Winkelmann, T, et al. Ovarian remnant syndrome: study in laboratory rats. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:1440–1442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donnez, J, Dolmans, MM, Demylle, D, et al. Live birth after orthotopic transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue. Lancet 2004;364:1405–1410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Revelli, A, Marchino, G, Dolifin, E, et al. Live birth after orthotopic grafting of autologous cryopreserved ovarian tissue and spontaneous conception in Italy. Fertil Steril 2013;99:227–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lafferry, HW, Angioli, R, Rudolph, J, et al. Ovarian remnant syndrome: experience at Jackson Memorial Hospital, University of Miami, 1985 through 1993. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174(2):641–645.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nezhat, CH, Seidman, DS, Nezhat, FR, Mirmalek, SA, Nezhat, CR. Ovarian remnant syndrome after laparoscopic oophorectomy. Fertil Steril 2000;75(5):1024–1028.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nezhat, C. Operative laparoscopy for the treatment of ovarian remnant syndrome. Fertil Steri 1992;57 (5):1003–1007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abu-Rafea, B, Vilos, GA, Misra, M. Frequency and laparoscopic management of ovarian remnant syndrome. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2003;10(1):33–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riva, JM, Mikuta, JJ. Ovarian remnant syndrome. Postgrad Obstet Gynecol 1984;4:1–2.Google Scholar
Magtibay, PM, Magrina, JF. Ovarian remnant syndrome. Clinical Obstet Gynecol 2006;49(3):526–534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klutke, J, Kavousi, LR, Albala, DM, et al. Laparoscopic treatment of ureteral obstruction secondary to ovarian remnant syndrome. J Urol 1993;149:827–829.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koch, MO, Coussens, D, Burnett, L. The ovarian remnant syndrome and ureteral obstruction: medical management. J Urol 1994;152:158–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magtibay, PM, Nyholm, JL, Hernandez, JL, et al. Ovarian remnant syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:2062–2066.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nezhat, C, Kearney, S, Malik, S, et al. Laparoscopic management of ovarian remnant. Fertil Steril 2005;83(4):973–978.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaminski, PF, Sorosky, JI, Mandell, MJ, et al. Clomiphene citrate stimulation as an adjunct in locating ovarian tissue in ovarian remnant syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1990;76(5 Pt 2):924–926.Google Scholar
Scott, RT, Beatse, SN, Illions, EH, et al. Use of the GnRH agonist stimulation test in the diagnosis of ovarian remnant syndrome. A report of three cases. J Reprod Med 1995;40(2):143–146.Google ScholarPubMed
Bruhwiler, H, Luscher, KP. Ovarialkarzinom bei ovarian remnant syndrome. Geburtshilfe Fraunbeilked 1991;51:299–303.Google ScholarPubMed
Glaser, D, Burrig, KF, Mast, H. [Ovarian cancer in ovarian remnant syndrome]. Geburtshilfe Fraunbeilked 1992;5297:436–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kazadi Buanga, J, Laparte Escorza, MC, Lopez Garcia, G. [Ovarian remnant syndrome. A case report of malignancy]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 1992;21(7):769–772.Google Scholar
Elkins, TE, Stocker, RJ, Key, D, et al. Surgery for ovarian remnant syndrome. Lessons learned from difficult cases. J Reprod Med 1994;39(6):446–448.Google ScholarPubMed
Fueyo, J, Garces, JM, Soriano, JC, et al. Adenocarcinoma of the ovary in the ovarian remnant syndrome. [In Spanish.] Rev Clin Esp 1990;186:415–416.Google ScholarPubMed
Narayansingh, G, Cumming, G, Parkin, D, et al. Ovarian cancer developing in the ovarian remnant syndrome. A case report and literature review. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynecol 2000;40:221–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kho, RM, Magrina, JF, Magtibay, PM. Pathologic findings and outcomes of minimally invasive approach to ovarian remnant syndrome. Fertil Steril 2007;87(5):1005–1009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donnez, O, Squifflet, J, Marbaix, E, et al. Primary ovarian adenocarcinoma developing in ovarian remnant tissue ten years after laparoscopic hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for endometriosis. J Min Invas Gynecol 2007;14(6):752–757.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeo, EL, Yu, KM, Poddar, NC, et al. The accuracy of intraoperative frozen section in the diagnosis of ovarian tumors. J Obstet Gynecol Res 1998;24:189–195.Google ScholarPubMed
Obiakor, J, Maiman, M, Mittal, K, et al. The accuracy of frozen section in the diagnosis of ovarian neoplasms. Gynecol Oncol 1991;43:61–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vilos, GA, Marks-Adams, J, Vilos, AG, et al. Medical treatment of ureteral obstruction associated with ovarian remnants and/or endometriosis: report of three cases and review of the literature. J Min Invas Gynecol 2015;22:462–468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pettit, PD, Lee, RA. Ovarian rememnant syndrome: diagnostic dilemma and surgical challenge. Obstet Gynecol 1988;71:580–583.Google ScholarPubMed
Chao, HA. Ovarian remnant syndrome at the port site. J Minim Invas Gynecol 2008;15(4):505–507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wasson, MN, Magrina, J. Surgical management and prevention of ovarian remnant. J Min Invasive Gynecol 2018;26(5):811.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Accessibility standard: WCAG 2.0 A

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

The HTML of this chapter conforms to version 2.0 of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), ensuring core accessibility principles are addressed and meets the basic (A) level of WCAG compliance, addressing essential accessibility barriers.

Content Navigation

Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.
Index navigation
Provides an interactive index, letting you go straight to where a term or subject appears in the text without manual searching.

Reading Order & Textual Equivalents

Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.
Short alternative textual descriptions
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.

Visual Accessibility

Use of colour is not sole means of conveying information
You will still understand key ideas or prompts without relying solely on colour, which is especially helpful if you have colour vision deficiencies.

Structural and Technical Features

ARIA roles provided
You gain clarity from ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes, as they help assistive technologies interpret how each part of the content functions.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Management of Adnexal Masses
  • Edited by Camran R. Nezhat, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Farr R. Nezhat, Nezhat Surgery for Gynecology/Oncology, New York, Ceana Nezhat, Nezhat Medical Center, Atlanta, Nisha Lakhi, Richmond University Medical Center, New York, Azadeh Nezhat, Nezhat Institute and Center for Special Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery, California
  • Book: Nezhat's Textbook of Minimally Invasive Surgery
  • Online publication: 06 November 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108561440.012
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Management of Adnexal Masses
  • Edited by Camran R. Nezhat, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Farr R. Nezhat, Nezhat Surgery for Gynecology/Oncology, New York, Ceana Nezhat, Nezhat Medical Center, Atlanta, Nisha Lakhi, Richmond University Medical Center, New York, Azadeh Nezhat, Nezhat Institute and Center for Special Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery, California
  • Book: Nezhat's Textbook of Minimally Invasive Surgery
  • Online publication: 06 November 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108561440.012
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Management of Adnexal Masses
  • Edited by Camran R. Nezhat, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Farr R. Nezhat, Nezhat Surgery for Gynecology/Oncology, New York, Ceana Nezhat, Nezhat Medical Center, Atlanta, Nisha Lakhi, Richmond University Medical Center, New York, Azadeh Nezhat, Nezhat Institute and Center for Special Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery, California
  • Book: Nezhat's Textbook of Minimally Invasive Surgery
  • Online publication: 06 November 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108561440.012
Available formats
×