Although intelligence is important in determining a student’s level of academic success, no one claims that intelligence is the only trait that impacts school outcomes. The correlation between IQ and measures of academic success – such as grades, standardized test scores, or how many years a person stays in school – is not perfect. That means that there is room for other abilities to exert an impact on educational performance. As Gottfredson (1997b, p. 116) stated, “The effects of intelligence … are probabilistic, not deterministic. Higher intelligence improves the odds of success in school and work. It is an advantage, not a guarantee. Many other things matter.” It is not difficult to brainstorm a list of what these “other things” that influence success are. Psychological traits like motivation, creativity, resiliency, curiosity, industriousness, and ambition can all be important for doing well in school.